yellowbyte · May 1, 2026 05:18 · May 30, 2022 · Jan 18, 2019 · Jan 18, 2019 · Jan 18, 2019
diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@ global _start
 
 %macro call_func 1
     call %1
-    add rsp, 0x8
 %endmacro
 
 _start:

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ template code (hello world):
 extern puts
 extern exit
 
+section .text
+global _start
+
 %macro call_func 1
     call %1
     add esp, 0x4
 %endmacro
 
-section .text
-global _start
-
 _start:
     push hello
     call_func puts
@@ -95,14 +95,14 @@ template code (hello world):
 extern puts
 extern exit
 
+section .text
+global _start
+
 %macro call_func 1
     call %1
     add rsp, 0x8
 %endmacro
 
-section .text
-global _start
-
 _start:
     mov rdi, hello
     call_func puts

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -118,4 +118,6 @@ __NOTE__ :
 * Assembler Directives: instructions for the assembler (e.g. NASM) and not a part of the ISA
   * extern: declare a symbol which is defined in another module that will later be linked with current one
   * section: identifies the section the code you write will go into. Examples of common ones are .text, .data, and .bss 
-  * global: defines symbols such that other modules that EXTERN those symbols can correctly reference them after linking
+  * global: defines symbols such that other modules that EXTERN those symbols can correctly reference them after linking
+  * macro: a name that represents a snippet of code
+  * define: a single-line macro
diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -9,16 +9,18 @@ template code (hello world):
 section .text
 global _start
 
+%define system_call int 0x80
+
 _start:
     mov ebx, 0x1
     mov ecx, hello
     mov edx, helloLen
     mov eax, 0x4
-    int 0x80
+    system_call
 
     xor ebx, ebx
     mov eax, 0x1
-    int 0x80
+    system_call
 
 section .data
     hello db "Hello World", 0xa
@@ -63,13 +65,17 @@ template code (hello world):
 extern puts
 extern exit
 
+%macro call_func 1
+    call %1
+    add esp, 0x4
+%endmacro
+
 section .text
 global _start
 
 _start:
     push hello
-    call puts
-    add esp, 0x4
+    call_func puts
 
     mov eax, 0xa
     call exit
@@ -89,13 +95,17 @@ template code (hello world):
 extern puts
 extern exit
 
+%macro call_func 1
+    call %1
+    add rsp, 0x8
+%endmacro
+
 section .text
 global _start
 
 _start:
     mov rdi, hello
-    call puts
-    add rsp, 0x8 
+    call_func puts
 
     mov rax, 0xa 
     call exit

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -103,9 +103,7 @@ _start:
 section .data
     hello db "Hello World"
 ```
-
-<br />
-
+---
 __NOTE__ :
 * Assembler Directives: instructions for the assembler (e.g. NASM) and not a part of the ISA
   * extern: declare a symbol which is defined in another module that will later be linked with current one

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -103,10 +103,10 @@ _start:
 section .data
     hello db "Hello World"
 ```
+
 <br />
 
 __NOTE__ :
-
 * Assembler Directives: instructions for the assembler (e.g. NASM) and not a part of the ISA
   * extern: declare a symbol which is defined in another module that will later be linked with current one
   * section: identifies the section the code you write will go into. Examples of common ones are .text, .data, and .bss 

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ section .data
     hello db "Hello World"
 ```
 <br />
+
 __NOTE__ :
 
 * Assembler Directives: instructions for the assembler (e.g. NASM) and not a part of the ISA

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@ section .data
     hello db "Hello World"
 ```
 <br />
-__NOTE__:
+__NOTE__ :
 
 * Assembler Directives: instructions for the assembler (e.g. NASM) and not a part of the ISA
-  *  extern: declare a symbol which is defined in another module that will later be linked with current one
-  *  section: identifies the section the code you write will go into. Examples of common ones are .text, .data, and .bss 
-  *  global: defines symbols such that other modules that EXTERN those symbols can correctly reference them after linking
+  * extern: declare a symbol which is defined in another module that will later be linked with current one
+  * section: identifies the section the code you write will go into. Examples of common ones are .text, .data, and .bss 
+  * global: defines symbols such that other modules that EXTERN those symbols can correctly reference them after linking
diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -105,7 +105,8 @@ section .data
 ```
 <br />
 __NOTE__:
-*  Assembler Directives: instructions for the assembler (e.g. NASM) and not a part of the ISA
+
+* Assembler Directives: instructions for the assembler (e.g. NASM) and not a part of the ISA
   *  extern: declare a symbol which is defined in another module that will later be linked with current one
   *  section: identifies the section the code you write will go into. Examples of common ones are .text, .data, and .bss 
   *  global: defines symbols such that other modules that EXTERN those symbols can correctly reference them after linking
diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ section .data
 ```
 <br />
 __NOTE__:
-* Assembly Directives: instructions for the assembler (e.g. NASM) and not a part of the ISA
-  * extern: declare a symbol which is defined in another module that will later be linked with current one
-  * section: identifies the section the code you write will go into. Examples of common ones are .text, .data, and .bss 
-  * global: defines symbols such that other modules that EXTERN those symbols can correctly reference them after linking
+*  Assembler Directives: instructions for the assembler (e.g. NASM) and not a part of the ISA
+  *  extern: declare a symbol which is defined in another module that will later be linked with current one
+  *  section: identifies the section the code you write will go into. Examples of common ones are .text, .data, and .bss 
+  *  global: defines symbols such that other modules that EXTERN those symbols can correctly reference them after linking
diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -102,4 +102,10 @@ _start:
 
 section .data
     hello db "Hello World"
-```
+```
+<br />
+__NOTE__:
+* Assembly Directives: instructions for the assembler (e.g. NASM) and not a part of the ISA
+  * extern: declare a symbol which is defined in another module that will later be linked with current one
+  * section: identifies the section the code you write will go into. Examples of common ones are .text, .data, and .bss 
+  * global: defines symbols such that other modules that EXTERN those symbols can correctly reference them after linking
diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -74,6 +74,32 @@ _start:
     mov eax, 0xa
     call exit
 
+section .data
+    hello db "Hello World"
+```
+
+### 64-bit ELF binary with libc
+how to assemble and link:
+```bash
+nasm -f elf64 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
+ld -dynamic-linker /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -o <filename> -lc <filename>.o
+```
+template code (hello world):
+```assembly
+extern puts
+extern exit
+
+section .text
+global _start
+
+_start:
+    mov rdi, hello
+    call puts
+    add rsp, 0x8 
+
+    mov rax, 0xa 
+    call exit
+
 section .data
     hello db "Hello World"
 ```
diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ### 32-bit ELF binary
-how to assemble &mdash; and link: 
+how to assemble and link: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ### 32-bit ELF binary
-how to assemble &mdash and link: 
+how to assemble &mdash; and link: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ### 32-bit ELF binary
-how to assemble -- and link: 
+how to assemble &mdash and link: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ### 32-bit ELF binary
-how to assemble - and link: 
+how to assemble -- and link: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ### 32-bit ELF binary
-how to assemble and link: 
+how to assemble - and link: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-## 32-bit ELF binary
+### 32-bit ELF binary
 how to assemble and link: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ section .data
     helloLen equ $-hello
 ```
 
-## 64-bit ELF binary
+### 64-bit ELF binary
 how to assemble and link:
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf64 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ section .data
     helloLen equ $-hello
 ```
 
-## 32-bit ELF binary with libc
+### 32-bit ELF binary with libc
 how to assemble and link:
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ## 32-bit ELF binary
-how to compile: 
+how to assemble and link: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o
@@ -25,10 +25,14 @@ section .data
     helloLen equ $-hello
 ```
 
-##### 64-bit ELF binary
-; nasm -f elf64 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
-; ld -o <filename> <filename>.o
-; template code: hello world
+## 64-bit ELF binary
+how to assemble and link:
+```bash
+nasm -f elf64 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
+ld -o <filename> <filename>.o
+```
+template code (hello world):
+```assembly
 section .text
 global _start
 
@@ -46,11 +50,16 @@ _start:
 section .data
     hello db "Hello World", 0xa
     helloLen equ $-hello
-
-##### 32-bit ELF binary with libc
-; nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
-; ld -m elf_i386 -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 -o <filename> -lc <filename>.o
-; template code: hello world
+```
+
+## 32-bit ELF binary with libc
+how to assemble and link:
+```bash
+nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
+ld -m elf_i386 -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 -o <filename> -lc <filename>.o
+```
+template code (hello world):
+```assembly
 extern puts
 extern exit
 
@@ -67,3 +76,4 @@ _start:
 
 section .data
     hello db "Hello World"
+```
diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-### 32-bit ELF binary
+## 32-bit ELF binary
 how to compile: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-### how to compile assembly with NASM assembler to 32-bit or 64-bit ELF binary with or without libc
-
-#### 32-bit ELF binary
+### 32-bit ELF binary
 how to compile: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-#### how to compile assembly with NASM assembler to 32-bit or 64-bit ELF binary with or without libc
+### how to compile assembly with NASM assembler to 32-bit or 64-bit ELF binary with or without libc
 
-##### 32-bit ELF binary
+#### 32-bit ELF binary
 how to compile: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o
 ```
-template code (hello world)
+template code (hello world):
 ```assembly
 section .text
 global _start

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ how to compile:
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o
 ```
-; template code: hello world
+template code (hello world)
+```assembly
 section .text
 global _start
 
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ _start:
 section .data
     hello db "Hello World", 0xa
     helloLen equ $-hello
+```
 
 ##### 64-bit ELF binary
 ; nasm -f elf64 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #### how to compile assembly with NASM assembler to 32-bit or 64-bit ELF binary with or without libc
 
 ##### 32-bit ELF binary
-* how to compile: 
+how to compile: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #### how to compile assembly with NASM assembler to 32-bit or 64-bit ELF binary with or without libc
 
 ##### 32-bit ELF binary
+* how to compile: 
 ```bash
 nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 #### how to compile assembly with NASM assembler to 32-bit or 64-bit ELF binary with or without libc
 
 ##### 32-bit ELF binary
-; nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
-; ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o
+```bash
+nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
+ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o
+```
 ; template code: hello world
 section .text
 global _start

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ section .data
     hello db "Hello World", 0xa
     helloLen equ $-hello
 
-; 64-bit ELF binary
+##### 64-bit ELF binary
 ; nasm -f elf64 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ; ld -o <filename> <filename>.o
 ; template code: hello world
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ section .data
     hello db "Hello World", 0xa
     helloLen equ $-hello
 
-; 32-bit ELF binary with libc
+##### 32-bit ELF binary with libc
 ; nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ; ld -m elf_i386 -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 -o <filename> -lc <filename>.o
 ; template code: hello world

diff --git a/compiling_asm.md b/compiling_asm.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #### how to compile assembly with NASM assembler to 32-bit or 64-bit ELF binary with or without libc
 
-; 32-bit ELF binary
+##### 32-bit ELF binary
 ; nasm -f elf32 -o <filename>.o <filename>.asm
 ; ld -m elf_i386 -o <filename> <filename>.o
 ; template code: hello world
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