Compiled from awesome-lists (restyler/awesome-sandbox, webcoyote/awesome-AI-sandbox, bureado/awesome-agent-runtime-security) and a survey of vendor blogs / field guides published through 2026. Grouped by isolation primitive and then by deployment model.
These rely on kernel/userland features to constrain a normal host process. Lowest overhead, weakest boundary.
- macOS Seatbelt /
sandbox-exec— Apple's TrustedBSD-based MAC framework. Used directly by Codex CLI, Gemini CLI, and underneath Anthropic'ssrt. - Linux Landlock — Unprivileged filesystem/network LSM; default backend for Codex CLI on Linux.