sba923 · March 22, 2026 19:25 · sba923 · Mar 17, 2023
diff --git a/Update-SeleniumDriver.ps1 b/Update-SeleniumDriver.ps1
 # this is one of Stéphane BARIZIEN's public domain scripts
 # the most recent version can be found at:
 # https://gist.github.com/sba923/d5406e7fded598b9c1131ddf9f099564#file-update-seleniumdriver-ps1

 [CmdletBinding()] 
 param(
    [Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'InstallIfMissing', Mandatory = $true)][switch] $InstallIfMissing,
    [Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'InstallIfMissing', Mandatory = $true)][string] $Destination,
    [Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'NoParameters')] [switch] $_NeverUseThisParameter,
    [switch]$ClearCache
 )

 # requires the scripts in https://gist.github.com/sba923/d0d5ad16f2b12d7785adf830b0395dc2

 # cSpell: ignore Stéphane BARIZIEN's PSSA edgedriver

 $seleniumManager = whence -q selenium-manager
 if ($null -eq $seleniumManager)
 {
    throw  ("'selenium-manager' not found on PATH")
 }


 # make sure selenium-manager is the latest version
 $tmpfile = Join-Path -Path $env:TEMP -ChildPath 'selenium-manager.exe'
 # determine URL for latest production-ready, released selenium-manager.exe
 # (see https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/11694#issuecomment-1927884476)
 Write-Verbose("Determining latest version of 'selenium-manager.exe'...")
 $url = @(((Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/selenium-4.17.0/common/selenium_manager.bzl').Content -split "`n") -match '\.exe' -replace '.*(https://[^"]+selenium-manager-windows\.exe).*', '$1')[0]
 Write-Verbose ("Retrieving latest 'selenium-manager.exe' from '{0}'..." -f $url)
 Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $url -OutFile $tmpfile
 if (!(Test-Path -LiteralPath $tmpfile))
 {
    throw ("Cannot retrieve latest 'selenium-manager.exe' from '{0}'" -f $url)
 }
 if ((Get-FileHash -Path $tmpfile).Hash -ne ((Get-FileHash -Path $seleniumManager).Hash))
 {
    Write-Verbose ("Updating '{0}'..." -f $seleniumManager)
    Copy-Item -Destination $seleniumManager -Path $tmpfile
 }
 else 
 {
    Write-Verbose ("'{0}' is already the latest version of 'selenium-manager.exe'" -f $seleniumManager)
 }
 Remove-Item -Path $tmpfile

 Write-Verbose ("Using {0}" -f (selenium-manager --version))

 if ($ClearCache)
 {
    Remove-Item -Force -Recurse -LiteralPath (Join-Path -Path $env:USERPROFILE -ChildPath ".cache\selenium") -Verbose:($PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('Verbose'))
 }

 function ObjectToString($Object, $Prefix = '')
 {
    if ($Object -is 'Object[]')
    {
        $string = ''
        for ($index = 0; $index -lt $object.Count; $index++)
        {
            $string += ("`n{2}[{0}]: {1}" -f $index, (ObjectToString -Object $Object[$index] -Prefix ("{0}[{1}]" -f $Prefix, $index)), $Prefix)
        }
    }
    elseif ($Object -is 'PSCustomObject')
    {
        $string = ''
        foreach ($propertyName in $Object.PSObject.Properties.Name)
        {
            $string += ("`n{0}" -f (ObjectToString -Object $Object.$propertyName -Prefix ($Prefix + '.' + $propertyName)))
        }
    }
    else 
    {
        $string = ("`n{1}:{0}" -f $Object, $Prefix)
    }

    return ($string -replace '\n{2,}', "`n")
 }

 # direct download of Selenium driver for Edge when selenium-manager.exe fails to retrieve it
 function DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
 {
    $smCode = if ($null -ne $sm -and $null -ne $sm.result) { $sm.result.code } else { $null }
    $smMessage = if ($null -ne $sm -and $null -ne $sm.result) { $sm.result.message } else { '' }
    Write-Verbose("Using direct Edge WebDriver download fallback for '{0}' (selenium-manager code={1}, message='{2}')" -f $browser, $smCode, $smMessage)
    if ($Destination -eq '')
    {
        $oldDriverOnPath = whence -q $drivers[$browser]
        if ($null -eq $oldDriverOnPath)
        {
            $oldDriverOnPath = whence -q 'MicrosoftWebDriver.exe'
            if ($null -eq $oldDriverOnPath)
            {
            
                throw ("'{0}' not found on PATH, cannot determine where to download the new Selenium driver for Edge to" -f $drivers[$browser])
            }
        }
        $script:Destination = dirname $oldDriverOnPath
    }
    $baseUrls = @(
        "https://msedgedriver.microsoft.com/"
        "https://msedgeDriver.microsoft.com/"
    )
    Write-Verbose("Retrieving the Selenium driver for Edge from {0}" -f ($baseUrls -join ', '))
    # Detect installed Edge version
    $edgePath = "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe"
    if (-not (Test-Path $edgePath))
    {
        throw "Edge executable not found at $edgePath"
    }

    $edgeVersion = (Get-Item $edgePath).VersionInfo.ProductVersion
    Write-Verbose "Detected Edge version: $edgeVersion"

    # Construct download URL
    $driverZips = @(
        "edgedriver_win64.zip"
        "edgeDriver_win64.zip"
    )
    $driverZip = $driverZips[0]
    $majorVersion = ($edgeVersion -split '\.')[0]
    $driverVersionsToTry = @($edgeVersion)
    if ($majorVersion)
    {
        try
        {
            $latestForMajor = $null
            foreach ($latestBaseUrl in $baseUrls)
            {
                try
                {
                    $latestResponseContent = (Invoke-WebRequest -Uri ("{0}LATEST_RELEASE_{1}" -f $latestBaseUrl, $majorVersion) -ErrorAction Stop).Content
                    if ($latestResponseContent -is [byte[]])
                    {
                        $memoryStream = New-Object System.IO.MemoryStream(,$latestResponseContent)
                        $streamReader = New-Object System.IO.StreamReader($memoryStream, $true)
                        try
                        {
                            $latestForMajor = $streamReader.ReadToEnd().Trim()
                        }
                        finally
                        {
                            $streamReader.Dispose()
                            $memoryStream.Dispose()
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        $latestForMajor = [string]$latestResponseContent
                        $latestForMajor = $latestForMajor.Trim()
                    }
                    $latestForMajorMatch = [regex]::Match($latestForMajor, '\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+')
                    if ($latestForMajorMatch.Success)
                    {
                        $latestForMajor = $latestForMajorMatch.Value
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        $latestForMajor = ''
                    }
                    if ($latestForMajor -ne '')
                    {
                        break
                    }
                }
                catch
                {
                    Write-Verbose ("Could not retrieve LATEST_RELEASE_{0} from '{1}': {2}" -f $majorVersion, $latestBaseUrl, $_.Exception.Message)
                }
            }
            if (($null -ne $latestForMajor) -and ($latestForMajor -ne '') -and ($driverVersionsToTry -notcontains $latestForMajor))
            {
                Write-Verbose ("Detected latest published Edge WebDriver for major version {0}: {1}" -f $majorVersion, $latestForMajor)
                $driverVersionsToTry += $latestForMajor
            }
        }
        catch
        {
            Write-Verbose ("Could not resolve a fallback driver version for major {0}: {1}" -f $majorVersion, $_.Exception.Message)
        }
    }

    $driverUrl = $null
    $resolvedDriverVersion = $null
    foreach ($candidateVersion in $driverVersionsToTry)
    {
        foreach ($candidateBaseUrl in $baseUrls)
        {
            foreach ($candidateZip in $driverZips)
            {
                $candidateUrl = "{0}{1}/{2}" -f $candidateBaseUrl, $candidateVersion, $candidateZip
                try
                {
                    $response = Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $candidateUrl -Method Head -ErrorAction Stop
                    $null = $response # get rid of PSSA warning
                    $driverUrl = $candidateUrl
                    $driverZip = $candidateZip
                    $resolvedDriverVersion = $candidateVersion
                    Write-Verbose ("WebDriver found for version {0}" -f $resolvedDriverVersion)
                    break
                }
                catch
                {
                    Write-Verbose ("WebDriver not found at '{0}'" -f $candidateUrl)
                }
            }
            if ($null -ne $driverUrl)
            {
                break
            }
        }
        if ($null -ne $driverUrl)
        {
            break
        }
    }

    if ($null -eq $driverUrl)
    {
        throw "WebDriver not found for Edge version $edgeVersion (and no compatible published fallback was found)."
    }

    $zipPath = Join-Path -Path $env:TEMP -ChildPath $driverZip

    # Download and extract
    Write-Verbose ("Downloading Selenium driver for Edge version '{0}' from '{1}'..." -f $resolvedDriverVersion, $driverUrl)
    Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $driverUrl -OutFile $zipPath

    Write-Verbose "Extracting driver..."
    Expand-Archive -Path $zipPath -DestinationPath $script:Destination -Force | Out-Null
    Remove-Item -LiteralPath $zipPath -Force

    Write-Verbose "Selenium driver for Edge downloaded and extracted to: $script:Destination"
 }

 $drivers = @{
    'edge'    = 'msedgeDriver.exe'
    'chrome'  = 'chromeDriver.exe'
    'firefox' = 'geckoDriver.exe'
 }

 foreach ($browser in $drivers.Keys)
 {
    Write-Verbose ("Updating Selenium driver '{0}' for browser '{1}'" -f $drivers[$browser], $browser)
    $sm = selenium-manager --browser $browser --output JSON | ConvertFrom-JSON
    # need to join all lines from selenium-manager's output to account for possible multiple-line output with e.g. WARN
    $oldDriverOnPath = $null
    if ($sm.result.code -eq 0)
    {
        $smDriver = $sm.result.driver_path
        $warningItems = @($sm.logs | Where-Object { $_.level -eq 'WARN' })
        if ($warningItems.Count -gt 0)
        {
            $warnings = $warningItems.message -join "`n"
        }
        else
        {
            $warnings = ''
        }
        if ($warnings -match 'it is advised to delete the driver in PATH and retry')
        {
            Write-Verbose ("selenium-manager has emitted the 'it is advised to delete the driver in PATH and retry' warning, deleting '{0}' and retrying" -f $sm.result.driver_path)
            $oldDriverOnPath = whence -q $drivers[$browser]
            if ($null -eq $oldDriverOnPath)
            {
                Write-Host -ForegroundColor Magenta ("selenium-manager warning was unexpected: no {0} on PATH" -f $drivers[$browser])
            }
            else
            {
                
                Remove-Item -LiteralPath $oldDriverOnPath -Force -ErrorAction Stop -Verbose:($PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('Verbose'))
                $sm = selenium-manager --browser $browser --output JSON | ConvertFrom-JSON
                if ($sm.result.code -ne 0)
                {
                    if ($browser -eq 'edge')
                    {
                        DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        throw ("selenium-manager failed: {0}" -f ($sm.logs -join "`n"))
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        elseif ($warnings -match 'error')
        {
            Write-Verbose ("selenium-manager has emitted a warning with the word 'error', deleting '{0}' and retrying" -f $sm.result.driver_path)
            $oldDriverOnPath = whence -q $drivers[$browser]
            if ($null -eq $oldDriverOnPath)
            {
                Write-Host -ForegroundColor Magenta ("selenium-manager warning was unexpected: no {0} on PATH" -f $drivers[$browser])
            }
            else
            {
                
                Remove-Item -LiteralPath $oldDriverOnPath -Force -ErrorAction Stop -Verbose:($PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('Verbose'))
                $sm = selenium-manager --browser $browser --output JSON | ConvertFrom-JSON
                if ($browser -eq 'edge')
                {
                    $useFallback = ($sm.result.code -ne 0)
                    if (!$useFallback)
                    {
                        $smDriverCandidate = $sm.result.driver_path
                        $edgePath = "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe"
                        $edgeVersion = if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $edgePath) { (Get-Item -LiteralPath $edgePath).VersionInfo.ProductVersion } else { '' }
                        $edgeMajor = if ($edgeVersion -ne '') { ($edgeVersion -split '\.')[0] } else { '' }

                        if (($smDriverCandidate -eq '') -or !(Test-Path -LiteralPath $smDriverCandidate))
                        {
                            $useFallback = $true
                        }
                        elseif ($edgeMajor -ne '')
                        {
                            $smDriverVersion = (Get-Item -LiteralPath $smDriverCandidate).VersionInfo.FileVersion
                            $smDriverMajor = if ($smDriverVersion) { ($smDriverVersion -split '\.')[0] } else { '' }
                            if (($null -eq $smDriverVersion) -or ($smDriverMajor -ne $edgeMajor))
                            {
                                Write-Verbose ("selenium-manager returned Edge driver version '{0}', but installed Edge major version is '{1}'; using direct download fallback" -f $smDriverVersion, $edgeMajor)
                                $useFallback = $true
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    if ($useFallback)
                    {
                        DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
                        $smDriver = Join-Path -Path $Destination -ChildPath 'msedgeDriver.exe'
                    }
                }
                elseif ($sm.result.code -ne 0)
                {
                    throw ("selenium-manager failed: {0}" -f ((ObjectToString -Object $sm) -replace '^\n+'))
                }
            }
        }
        if (($null -eq $smDriver) -or ($smDriver -eq ''))
        {
            $smDriver = $sm.result.driver_path
        }
        if (($smDriver -eq '') -or !(Test-Path -LiteralPath $smDriver))
        {
            if ($browser -eq 'edge')
            {
                Write-Verbose ("selenium-manager reported driver path '{0}', but it does not exist; falling back to direct Edge WebDriver download" -f $smDriver)
                DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
                $smDriver = Join-Path -Path $Destination -ChildPath 'msedgeDriver.exe'
            }
            else
            {
                throw ("selenium-manager returned a non-existent driver path for '{0}': '{1}'" -f $browser, $smDriver)
            }
        }
        if ($browser -eq 'edge')
        {
            $edgePath = "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe"
            $edgeVersion = if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $edgePath) { (Get-Item -LiteralPath $edgePath).VersionInfo.ProductVersion } else { '' }
            $edgeMajor = if ($edgeVersion -ne '') { ($edgeVersion -split '\.')[0] } else { '' }
            if ($edgeMajor -ne '')
            {
                $smDriverVersion = (Get-Item -LiteralPath $smDriver).VersionInfo.FileVersion
                $smDriverMajor = if ($smDriverVersion) { ($smDriverVersion -split '\.')[0] } else { '' }
                if (($null -eq $smDriverVersion) -or ($smDriverMajor -ne $edgeMajor))
                {
                    Write-Verbose ("Resolved Edge driver version '{0}' is not compatible with installed Edge major version '{1}'; using direct download fallback" -f $smDriverVersion, $edgeMajor)
                    DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
                    $smDriver = Join-Path -Path $Destination -ChildPath 'msedgeDriver.exe'
                }
            }
        }
        Write-Verbose ("Selenium driver '{0}' is available" -f $smDriver)
        $sDriver = whence -q $drivers[$browser]
        if ($null -ne $sDriver)
        {
            $smDriver_i = Get-Item -LiteralPath $smDriver
            $sDriver_i = Get-Item -LiteralPath $sDriver
            if (($null -eq $smDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion) -or ($null -eq $sDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion))
            {
                if ((Get-FileHash $sDriver_i.FullName).Hash -ne (Get-FileHash $smDriver_i.FullName).Hash)
                {
                    Write-Host -ForegroundColor Yellow ("Updating '{0}' from {1} to {2}" -f $drivers[$browser], $sDriver_i.FullName, $smDriver_i.FullName)
                    Copy-Item -Verbose -LiteralPath $smDriver -Destination $sDriver
                }
                else
                {
                    Write-Verbose ("'{0}' is already up to date" -f $sDriver)
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if ($smDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion -gt $sDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion)
                {
                    Write-Host -ForegroundColor Yellow ("Updating '{0}' from {1} to {2}" -f $drivers[$browser], $sDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion, $smDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion)
                    Copy-Item -Verbose -LiteralPath $smDriver -Destination $sDriver
                }
                else
                {
                    Write-Verbose ("'{0}' is already up to date: version {1}" -f $sDriver, $sDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion)
                }
            }

            if ($browser -eq 'edge')
            {
                $msWebDriver = Join-Path -Path $sDriver_i.Directory -ChildPath 'MicrosoftWebDriver.exe'
                if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $msWebDriver)
                {
                    if (Get-Process -Name MicrosoftWebDriver -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)
                    {
                        Stop-Process -name MicrosoftWebDriver -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
                    }
                }
                Copy-Item -Verbose -Destination $msWebDriver -LiteralPath $sDriver
            }

        }
        else
        {
            if ($InstallIfMissing -or ($null -ne $oldDriverOnPath))
            {
                if ($null -eq $oldDriverOnPath)
                {
                    $sDriver = Join-Path -Path $Destination -ChildPath $drivers[$browser]
                }
                else
                {
                    $sDriver = $oldDriverOnPath
                    $Destination = Split-Path -Path $oldDriverOnPath -Parent
                }

                Write-Host -ForegroundColor Yellow ("Installing '{0}' as '{1}'" -f $drivers[$browser], $sDriver)
                Copy-Item -Verbose -LiteralPath $smDriver -Destination $sDriver


                if ($browser -eq 'edge')
                {
                    $msWebDriver = Join-Path -Path $Destination -ChildPath 'MicrosoftWebDriver.exe'
                    if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $msWebDriver)
                    {
                        if (Get-Process -Name MicrosoftWebDriver -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)
                        {
                            Stop-Process -name MicrosoftWebDriver -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
                        }
                    }
                    Copy-Item -Verbose -Destination $msWebDriver -LiteralPath $sDriver
                }
            }
            else
            {
                Write-Error ("'{0}' not on PATH" -f $drivers[$browser])
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        if ($browser -eq 'edge')
        {
            DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
        }
        else
        {
            Write-Error ("Failed to retrieve Selenium driver for '{0}': selenium-manager returned:`n{1}" -f $browser, ((ObjectToString -Object $sm) -replace '^\n+'))
        }
    }
 }
	# this is one of Stéphane BARIZIEN's public domain scripts
	# the most recent version can be found at:
	# https://gist.github.com/sba923/d5406e7fded598b9c1131ddf9f099564#file-update-seleniumdriver-ps1

	[CmdletBinding()]
	param(
	[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'InstallIfMissing', Mandatory = $true)][switch] $InstallIfMissing,
	[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'InstallIfMissing', Mandatory = $true)][string] $Destination,
	[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'NoParameters')] [switch] $_NeverUseThisParameter,
	[switch]$ClearCache
	)

	# requires the scripts in https://gist.github.com/sba923/d0d5ad16f2b12d7785adf830b0395dc2

	# cSpell: ignore Stéphane BARIZIEN's PSSA edgedriver

	$seleniumManager = whence -q selenium-manager
	if ($null -eq $seleniumManager)
	{
	throw ("'selenium-manager' not found on PATH")
	}


	# make sure selenium-manager is the latest version
	$tmpfile = Join-Path -Path $env:TEMP -ChildPath 'selenium-manager.exe'
	# determine URL for latest production-ready, released selenium-manager.exe
	# (see https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/11694#issuecomment-1927884476)
	Write-Verbose("Determining latest version of 'selenium-manager.exe'...")
	$url = @(((Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/selenium-4.17.0/common/selenium_manager.bzl').Content -split "`n") -match '\.exe' -replace '.(https://[^"]+selenium-manager-windows\.exe).', '$1')[0]
	Write-Verbose ("Retrieving latest 'selenium-manager.exe' from '{0}'..." -f $url)
	Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $url -OutFile $tmpfile
	if (!(Test-Path -LiteralPath $tmpfile))
	{
	throw ("Cannot retrieve latest 'selenium-manager.exe' from '{0}'" -f $url)
	}
	if ((Get-FileHash -Path $tmpfile).Hash -ne ((Get-FileHash -Path $seleniumManager).Hash))
	{
	Write-Verbose ("Updating '{0}'..." -f $seleniumManager)
	Copy-Item -Destination $seleniumManager -Path $tmpfile
	}
	else
	{
	Write-Verbose ("'{0}' is already the latest version of 'selenium-manager.exe'" -f $seleniumManager)
	}
	Remove-Item -Path $tmpfile

	Write-Verbose ("Using {0}" -f (selenium-manager --version))

	if ($ClearCache)
	{
	Remove-Item -Force -Recurse -LiteralPath (Join-Path -Path $env:USERPROFILE -ChildPath ".cache\selenium") -Verbose:($PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('Verbose'))
	}

	function ObjectToString($Object, $Prefix = '')
	{
	if ($Object -is 'Object[]')
	{
	$string = ''
	for ($index = 0; $index -lt $object.Count; $index++)
	{
	$string += ("`n{2}[{0}]: {1}" -f $index, (ObjectToString -Object $Object[$index] -Prefix ("{0}[{1}]" -f $Prefix, $index)), $Prefix)
	}
	}
	elseif ($Object -is 'PSCustomObject')
	{
	$string = ''
	foreach ($propertyName in $Object.PSObject.Properties.Name)
	{
	$string += ("`n{0}" -f (ObjectToString -Object $Object.$propertyName -Prefix ($Prefix + '.' + $propertyName)))
	}
	}
	else
	{
	$string = ("`n{1}:{0}" -f $Object, $Prefix)
	}

	return ($string -replace '\n{2,}', "`n")
	}

	# direct download of Selenium driver for Edge when selenium-manager.exe fails to retrieve it
	function DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
	{
	$smCode = if ($null -ne $sm -and $null -ne $sm.result) { $sm.result.code } else { $null }
	$smMessage = if ($null -ne $sm -and $null -ne $sm.result) { $sm.result.message } else { '' }
	Write-Verbose("Using direct Edge WebDriver download fallback for '{0}' (selenium-manager code={1}, message='{2}')" -f $browser, $smCode, $smMessage)
	if ($Destination -eq '')
	{
	$oldDriverOnPath = whence -q $drivers[$browser]
	if ($null -eq $oldDriverOnPath)
	{
	$oldDriverOnPath = whence -q 'MicrosoftWebDriver.exe'
	if ($null -eq $oldDriverOnPath)
	{

	throw ("'{0}' not found on PATH, cannot determine where to download the new Selenium driver for Edge to" -f $drivers[$browser])
	}
	}
	$script:Destination = dirname $oldDriverOnPath
	}
	$baseUrls = @(
	"https://msedgedriver.microsoft.com/"
	"https://msedgeDriver.microsoft.com/"
	)
	Write-Verbose("Retrieving the Selenium driver for Edge from {0}" -f ($baseUrls -join ', '))
	# Detect installed Edge version
	$edgePath = "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe"
	if (-not (Test-Path $edgePath))
	{
	throw "Edge executable not found at $edgePath"
	}

	$edgeVersion = (Get-Item $edgePath).VersionInfo.ProductVersion
	Write-Verbose "Detected Edge version: $edgeVersion"

	# Construct download URL
	$driverZips = @(
	"edgedriver_win64.zip"
	"edgeDriver_win64.zip"
	)
	$driverZip = $driverZips[0]
	$majorVersion = ($edgeVersion -split '\.')[0]
	$driverVersionsToTry = @($edgeVersion)
	if ($majorVersion)
	{
	try
	{
	$latestForMajor = $null
	foreach ($latestBaseUrl in $baseUrls)
	{
	try
	{
	$latestResponseContent = (Invoke-WebRequest -Uri ("{0}LATEST_RELEASE_{1}" -f $latestBaseUrl, $majorVersion) -ErrorAction Stop).Content
	if ($latestResponseContent -is [byte[]])
	{
	$memoryStream = New-Object System.IO.MemoryStream(,$latestResponseContent)
	$streamReader = New-Object System.IO.StreamReader($memoryStream, $true)
	try
	{
	$latestForMajor = $streamReader.ReadToEnd().Trim()
	}
	finally
	{
	$streamReader.Dispose()
	$memoryStream.Dispose()
	}
	}
	else
	{
	$latestForMajor = [string]$latestResponseContent
	$latestForMajor = $latestForMajor.Trim()
	}
	$latestForMajorMatch = [regex]::Match($latestForMajor, '\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+')
	if ($latestForMajorMatch.Success)
	{
	$latestForMajor = $latestForMajorMatch.Value
	}
	else
	{
	$latestForMajor = ''
	}
	if ($latestForMajor -ne '')
	{
	break
	}
	}
	catch
	{
	Write-Verbose ("Could not retrieve LATEST_RELEASE_{0} from '{1}': {2}" -f $majorVersion, $latestBaseUrl, $_.Exception.Message)
	}
	}
	if (($null -ne $latestForMajor) -and ($latestForMajor -ne '') -and ($driverVersionsToTry -notcontains $latestForMajor))
	{
	Write-Verbose ("Detected latest published Edge WebDriver for major version {0}: {1}" -f $majorVersion, $latestForMajor)
	$driverVersionsToTry += $latestForMajor
	}
	}
	catch
	{
	Write-Verbose ("Could not resolve a fallback driver version for major {0}: {1}" -f $majorVersion, $_.Exception.Message)
	}
	}

	$driverUrl = $null
	$resolvedDriverVersion = $null
	foreach ($candidateVersion in $driverVersionsToTry)
	{
	foreach ($candidateBaseUrl in $baseUrls)
	{
	foreach ($candidateZip in $driverZips)
	{
	$candidateUrl = "{0}{1}/{2}" -f $candidateBaseUrl, $candidateVersion, $candidateZip
	try
	{
	$response = Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $candidateUrl -Method Head -ErrorAction Stop
	$null = $response # get rid of PSSA warning
	$driverUrl = $candidateUrl
	$driverZip = $candidateZip
	$resolvedDriverVersion = $candidateVersion
	Write-Verbose ("WebDriver found for version {0}" -f $resolvedDriverVersion)
	break
	}
	catch
	{
	Write-Verbose ("WebDriver not found at '{0}'" -f $candidateUrl)
	}
	}
	if ($null -ne $driverUrl)
	{
	break
	}
	}
	if ($null -ne $driverUrl)
	{
	break
	}
	}

	if ($null -eq $driverUrl)
	{
	throw "WebDriver not found for Edge version $edgeVersion (and no compatible published fallback was found)."
	}

	$zipPath = Join-Path -Path $env:TEMP -ChildPath $driverZip

	# Download and extract
	Write-Verbose ("Downloading Selenium driver for Edge version '{0}' from '{1}'..." -f $resolvedDriverVersion, $driverUrl)
	Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $driverUrl -OutFile $zipPath

	Write-Verbose "Extracting driver..."
	Expand-Archive -Path $zipPath -DestinationPath $script:Destination -Force \| Out-Null
	Remove-Item -LiteralPath $zipPath -Force

	Write-Verbose "Selenium driver for Edge downloaded and extracted to: $script:Destination"
	}

	$drivers = @{
	'edge' = 'msedgeDriver.exe'
	'chrome' = 'chromeDriver.exe'
	'firefox' = 'geckoDriver.exe'
	}

	foreach ($browser in $drivers.Keys)
	{
	Write-Verbose ("Updating Selenium driver '{0}' for browser '{1}'" -f $drivers[$browser], $browser)
	$sm = selenium-manager --browser $browser --output JSON \| ConvertFrom-JSON
	# need to join all lines from selenium-manager's output to account for possible multiple-line output with e.g. WARN
	$oldDriverOnPath = $null
	if ($sm.result.code -eq 0)
	{
	$smDriver = $sm.result.driver_path
	$warningItems = @($sm.logs \| Where-Object { $_.level -eq 'WARN' })
	if ($warningItems.Count -gt 0)
	{
	$warnings = $warningItems.message -join "`n"
	}
	else
	{
	$warnings = ''
	}
	if ($warnings -match 'it is advised to delete the driver in PATH and retry')
	{
	Write-Verbose ("selenium-manager has emitted the 'it is advised to delete the driver in PATH and retry' warning, deleting '{0}' and retrying" -f $sm.result.driver_path)
	$oldDriverOnPath = whence -q $drivers[$browser]
	if ($null -eq $oldDriverOnPath)
	{
	Write-Host -ForegroundColor Magenta ("selenium-manager warning was unexpected: no {0} on PATH" -f $drivers[$browser])
	}
	else
	{

	Remove-Item -LiteralPath $oldDriverOnPath -Force -ErrorAction Stop -Verbose:($PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('Verbose'))
	$sm = selenium-manager --browser $browser --output JSON \| ConvertFrom-JSON
	if ($sm.result.code -ne 0)
	{
	if ($browser -eq 'edge')
	{
	DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
	}
	else
	{
	throw ("selenium-manager failed: {0}" -f ($sm.logs -join "`n"))
	}
	}
	}
	}
	elseif ($warnings -match 'error')
	{
	Write-Verbose ("selenium-manager has emitted a warning with the word 'error', deleting '{0}' and retrying" -f $sm.result.driver_path)
	$oldDriverOnPath = whence -q $drivers[$browser]
	if ($null -eq $oldDriverOnPath)
	{
	Write-Host -ForegroundColor Magenta ("selenium-manager warning was unexpected: no {0} on PATH" -f $drivers[$browser])
	}
	else
	{

	Remove-Item -LiteralPath $oldDriverOnPath -Force -ErrorAction Stop -Verbose:($PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('Verbose'))
	$sm = selenium-manager --browser $browser --output JSON \| ConvertFrom-JSON
	if ($browser -eq 'edge')
	{
	$useFallback = ($sm.result.code -ne 0)
	if (!$useFallback)
	{
	$smDriverCandidate = $sm.result.driver_path
	$edgePath = "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe"
	$edgeVersion = if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $edgePath) { (Get-Item -LiteralPath $edgePath).VersionInfo.ProductVersion } else { '' }
	$edgeMajor = if ($edgeVersion -ne '') { ($edgeVersion -split '\.')[0] } else { '' }

	if (($smDriverCandidate -eq '') -or !(Test-Path -LiteralPath $smDriverCandidate))
	{
	$useFallback = $true
	}
	elseif ($edgeMajor -ne '')
	{
	$smDriverVersion = (Get-Item -LiteralPath $smDriverCandidate).VersionInfo.FileVersion
	$smDriverMajor = if ($smDriverVersion) { ($smDriverVersion -split '\.')[0] } else { '' }
	if (($null -eq $smDriverVersion) -or ($smDriverMajor -ne $edgeMajor))
	{
	Write-Verbose ("selenium-manager returned Edge driver version '{0}', but installed Edge major version is '{1}'; using direct download fallback" -f $smDriverVersion, $edgeMajor)
	$useFallback = $true
	}
	}
	}

	if ($useFallback)
	{
	DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
	$smDriver = Join-Path -Path $Destination -ChildPath 'msedgeDriver.exe'
	}
	}
	elseif ($sm.result.code -ne 0)
	{
	throw ("selenium-manager failed: {0}" -f ((ObjectToString -Object $sm) -replace '^\n+'))
	}
	}
	}
	if (($null -eq $smDriver) -or ($smDriver -eq ''))
	{
	$smDriver = $sm.result.driver_path
	}
	if (($smDriver -eq '') -or !(Test-Path -LiteralPath $smDriver))
	{
	if ($browser -eq 'edge')
	{
	Write-Verbose ("selenium-manager reported driver path '{0}', but it does not exist; falling back to direct Edge WebDriver download" -f $smDriver)
	DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
	$smDriver = Join-Path -Path $Destination -ChildPath 'msedgeDriver.exe'
	}
	else
	{
	throw ("selenium-manager returned a non-existent driver path for '{0}': '{1}'" -f $browser, $smDriver)
	}
	}
	if ($browser -eq 'edge')
	{
	$edgePath = "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe"
	$edgeVersion = if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $edgePath) { (Get-Item -LiteralPath $edgePath).VersionInfo.ProductVersion } else { '' }
	$edgeMajor = if ($edgeVersion -ne '') { ($edgeVersion -split '\.')[0] } else { '' }
	if ($edgeMajor -ne '')
	{
	$smDriverVersion = (Get-Item -LiteralPath $smDriver).VersionInfo.FileVersion
	$smDriverMajor = if ($smDriverVersion) { ($smDriverVersion -split '\.')[0] } else { '' }
	if (($null -eq $smDriverVersion) -or ($smDriverMajor -ne $edgeMajor))
	{
	Write-Verbose ("Resolved Edge driver version '{0}' is not compatible with installed Edge major version '{1}'; using direct download fallback" -f $smDriverVersion, $edgeMajor)
	DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
	$smDriver = Join-Path -Path $Destination -ChildPath 'msedgeDriver.exe'
	}
	}
	}
	Write-Verbose ("Selenium driver '{0}' is available" -f $smDriver)
	$sDriver = whence -q $drivers[$browser]
	if ($null -ne $sDriver)
	{
	$smDriver_i = Get-Item -LiteralPath $smDriver
	$sDriver_i = Get-Item -LiteralPath $sDriver
	if (($null -eq $smDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion) -or ($null -eq $sDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion))
	{
	if ((Get-FileHash $sDriver_i.FullName).Hash -ne (Get-FileHash $smDriver_i.FullName).Hash)
	{
	Write-Host -ForegroundColor Yellow ("Updating '{0}' from {1} to {2}" -f $drivers[$browser], $sDriver_i.FullName, $smDriver_i.FullName)
	Copy-Item -Verbose -LiteralPath $smDriver -Destination $sDriver
	}
	else
	{
	Write-Verbose ("'{0}' is already up to date" -f $sDriver)
	}
	}
	else
	{
	if ($smDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion -gt $sDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion)
	{
	Write-Host -ForegroundColor Yellow ("Updating '{0}' from {1} to {2}" -f $drivers[$browser], $sDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion, $smDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion)
	Copy-Item -Verbose -LiteralPath $smDriver -Destination $sDriver
	}
	else
	{
	Write-Verbose ("'{0}' is already up to date: version {1}" -f $sDriver, $sDriver_i.VersionInfo.FileVersion)
	}
	}

	if ($browser -eq 'edge')
	{
	$msWebDriver = Join-Path -Path $sDriver_i.Directory -ChildPath 'MicrosoftWebDriver.exe'
	if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $msWebDriver)
	{
	if (Get-Process -Name MicrosoftWebDriver -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)
	{
	Stop-Process -name MicrosoftWebDriver -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
	}
	}
	Copy-Item -Verbose -Destination $msWebDriver -LiteralPath $sDriver
	}

	}
	else
	{
	if ($InstallIfMissing -or ($null -ne $oldDriverOnPath))
	{
	if ($null -eq $oldDriverOnPath)
	{
	$sDriver = Join-Path -Path $Destination -ChildPath $drivers[$browser]
	}
	else
	{
	$sDriver = $oldDriverOnPath
	$Destination = Split-Path -Path $oldDriverOnPath -Parent
	}

	Write-Host -ForegroundColor Yellow ("Installing '{0}' as '{1}'" -f $drivers[$browser], $sDriver)
	Copy-Item -Verbose -LiteralPath $smDriver -Destination $sDriver


	if ($browser -eq 'edge')
	{
	$msWebDriver = Join-Path -Path $Destination -ChildPath 'MicrosoftWebDriver.exe'
	if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $msWebDriver)
	{
	if (Get-Process -Name MicrosoftWebDriver -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)
	{
	Stop-Process -name MicrosoftWebDriver -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
	}
	}
	Copy-Item -Verbose -Destination $msWebDriver -LiteralPath $sDriver
	}
	}
	else
	{
	Write-Error ("'{0}' not on PATH" -f $drivers[$browser])
	}
	}
	}
	else
	{
	if ($browser -eq 'edge')
	{
	DownloadEdgeDriverDriver
	}
	else
	{
	Write-Error ("Failed to retrieve Selenium driver for '{0}': selenium-manager returned:`n{1}" -f $browser, ((ObjectToString -Object $sm) -replace '^\n+'))
	}
	}
	}
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