(Originally posted on twitter, here incorporating responses)
Markdown to Jupyter Notebook, and back https://github.com/aaren/notedown
Restructured text (rst) to Jupyter Notebook https://github.com/QuantEcon/sphinxcontrib-jupyter, see https://medium.com/quantecon-blog/introducing-jupinx-60ba9fc12f4f
Doconce format to Jupyter Notebook and back https://github.com/hplgit/doconce, see http://hplgit.github.io/doconce/doc/pub/manual/manual.html#do2any:ipynb
Python script to Jupyter Notebook http://sphinx-gallery.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html, see http://sphinx-gallery.readthedocs.io/en/latest/utils.html?highlight=jupyter#convert-python-scripts-into-jupyter-notebooks
nb2plots converts Jupyter notebooks to ReST files for Sphinx, and back again. https://matthew-brett.github.io/nb2plots/
org-file to Jupyter Notebook https://github.com/jkitchin/ox-ipynb
YAML format to Jupyter notebook and back https://github.com/prabhuramachandran/ipyaml
A bit unclear from the documentation, but seems to be able to generate markdown from Jupyter Notebook, and back? Also other formats? https://github.com/dexy/dexy. Markdown example: https://github.com/ananelson/dexy-experiments/tree/master/ipython-from-markdown. Other exmaples: https://github.com/ananelson/dexy-experiments
Converts between IPython/Jupyter notebooks and R Markdown documents in both directions. https://github.com/chronitis/ipyrmd
With Jupytext, every Julia, Python or R script, R Markdown or Markdown document becomes a potential Jupyter notebook. Write your notebooks as text, and render them in Jupyter when desired. https://github.com/mwouts/jupytext Blog post: https://towardsdatascience.com/introducing-jupytext-9234fdff6c57.
Manage Jupyter notebooks as plain Python code with embedded Markdown text. https://github.com/minodes/pynb.