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Learn more about bidirectional Unicode charactersOriginal file line number Diff line number Diff line change @@ -0,0 +1,471 @@ # import is used to make specialty functions available # These are called modules import random import sys import os # Hello world is just one line of code # print() outputs data to the screen print("Hello World") ''' This is a multi-line comment ''' # A variable is a place to store values # Its name is like a label for that value name = "Derek" print(name) # A variable name can contain letters, numbers, or _ # but can't start with a number # There are 5 data types Numbers, Strings, List, Tuple, Dictionary # You can store any of them in the same variable name = 15 print(name) # The arithmetic operators +, -, *, /, %, **, // # ** Exponential calculation # // Floor Division print("5 + 2 =", 5+2) print("5 - 2 =", 5-2) print("5 * 2 =", 5*2) print("5 / 2 =", 5/2) print("5 % 2 =", 5%2) print("5 ** 2 =", 5**2) print("5 // 2 =", 5//2) # Order of Operation states * and / is performed before + and - print("1 + 2 - 3 * 2 =", 1 + 2 - 3 * 2) print("(1 + 2 - 3) * 2 =", (1 + 2 - 3) * 2) # A string is a string of characters surrounded by " or ' # If you must use a " or ' between the same quote escape it with \ quote = "\"Always remember your unique," # A multi-line quote multi_line_quote = ''' just like everyone else" ''' print(quote + multi_line_quote) # To embed a string in output use %s print("%s %s %s" % ('I like the quote', quote, multi_line_quote)) # To keep from printing newlines use end="" print("I don't like ",end="") print("newlines") # You can print a string multiple times with * print('\n' * 5) # LISTS ------------- # A list allows you to create a list of values and manipulate them # Each value has an index with the first one starting at 0 grocery_list = ['Juice', 'Tomatoes', 'Potatoes', 'Bananas'] print('The first item is', grocery_list[1]) # You can change the value stored in a list box grocery_list[0] = "Green Juice" print(grocery_list) # You can get a subset of the list with [min:up to but not including max] print(grocery_list[1:3]) # You can put any data type in a a list including a list other_events = ['Wash Car', 'Pick up Kids', 'Cash Check'] to_do_list = [other_events, grocery_list] print(to_do_list) # Get the second item in the second list (Boxes inside of boxes) print(to_do_list[1][1]) # You add values using append grocery_list.append('onions') print(to_do_list) # Insert item at given index grocery_list.insert(1, "Pickle") # Remove item from list grocery_list.remove("Pickle") # Sorts items in list grocery_list.sort() # Reverse sort items in list grocery_list.reverse() # del deletes an item at specified index del grocery_list[4] print(to_do_list) # We can combine lists with a + to_do_list = other_events + grocery_list print(to_do_list) # Get length of list print(len(to_do_list)) # Get the max item in list print(max(to_do_list)) # Get the minimum item in list print(min(to_do_list)) # TUPLES ------------- # Values in a tuple can't change like lists pi_tuple = (3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9) # Convert tuple into a list new_tuple = list(pi_tuple) # Convert a list into a tuple # new_list = tuple(grocery_list) # tuples also have len(tuple), min(tuple) and max(tuple) # DICTIONARY or MAP ------------- # Made up of values with a unique key for each value # Similar to lists, but you can't join dicts with a + super_villains = {'Fiddler' : 'Isaac Bowin', 'Captain Cold' : 'Leonard Snart', 'Weather Wizard' : 'Mark Mardon', 'Mirror Master' : 'Sam Scudder', 'Pied Piper' : 'Thomas Peterson'} print(super_villains['Captain Cold']) # Delete an entry del super_villains['Fiddler'] print(super_villains) # Replace a value super_villains['Pied Piper'] = 'Hartley Rathaway' # Print the number of items in the dictionary print(len(super_villains)) # Get the value for the passed key print(super_villains.get("Pied Piper")) # Get a list of dictionary keys print(super_villains.keys()) # Get a list of dictionary values print(super_villains.values()) # CONDITIONALS ------------- # The if, else and elif statements are used to perform different # actions based off of conditions # Comparison Operators : ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= # The if statement will execute code if a condition is met # White space is used to group blocks of code in Python # Use the same number of proceeding spaces for blocks of code age = 30 if age > 16 : print('You are old enough to drive') # Use an if statement if you want to execute different code regardless # of whether the condition ws met or not if age > 16 : print('You are old enough to drive') else : print('You are not old enough to drive') # If you want to check for multiple conditions use elif # If the first matches it won't check other conditions that follow if age >= 21 : print('You are old enough to drive a tractor trailer') elif age >= 16: print('You are old enough to drive a car') else : print('You are not old enough to drive') # You can combine conditions with logical operators # Logical Operators : and, or, not if ((age >= 1) and (age <= 18)): print("You get a birthday party") elif (age == 21) or (age >= 65): print("You get a birthday party") elif not(age == 30): print("You don't get a birthday party") else: print("You get a birthday party yeah") # FOR LOOPS ------------- # Allows you to perform an action a set number of times # Range performs the action 10 times 0 - 9 for x in range(0, 10): print(x , ' ', end="") print('\n') # You can use for loops to cycle through a list grocery_list = ['Juice', 'Tomatoes', 'Potatoes', 'Bananas'] for y in grocery_list: print(y) # You can also define a list of numbers to cycle through for x in [2,4,6,8,10]: print(x) # You can double up for loops to cycle through lists num_list =[[1,2,3],[10,20,30],[100,200,300]]; for x in range(0,3): for y in range(0,3): print(num_list[x][y]) # WHILE LOOPS ------------- # While loops are used when you don't know ahead of time how many # times you'll have to loop random_num = random.randrange(0,100) while (random_num != 15): print(random_num) random_num = random.randrange(0,100) # An iterator for a while loop is defined before the loop i = 0; while (i <= 20): if(i%2 == 0): print(i) elif(i == 9): # Forces the loop to end all together break else: # Shorthand for i = i + 1 i += 1 # Skips to the next iteration of the loop continue i += 1 # FUNCTIONS ------------- # Functions allow you to reuse and write readable code # Type def (define), function name and parameters it receives # return is used to return something to the caller of the function def addNumbers(fNum, sNum): sumNum = fNum + sNum return sumNum print(addNumbers(1, 4)) # Can't get the value of rNum because it was created in a function # It is said to be out of scope # print(sumNum) # If you define a variable outside of the function it works every place newNum = 0; def subNumbers(fNum, sNum): newNum = fNum - sNum return newNum print(subNumbers(1, 4)) # USER INPUT ------------- print('What is your name?') # Stores everything typed up until ENTER name = sys.stdin.readline() print('Hello', name) # STRINGS ------------- # A string is a series of characters surrounded by ' or " long_string = "I'll catch you if you fall - The Floor" # Retrieve the first 4 characters print(long_string[0:4]) # Get the last 5 characters print(long_string[-5:]) # Everything up to the last 5 characters print(long_string[:-5]) # Concatenate part of a string to another print(long_string[:4] + " be there") # String formatting print("%c is my %s letter and my number %d number is %.5f" % ('X', 'favorite', 1, .14)) # Capitalizes the first letter print(long_string.capitalize()) # Returns the index of the start of the string # case sensitive print(long_string.find("Floor")) # Returns true if all characters are letters ' isn't a letter print(long_string.isalpha()) # Returns true if all characters are numbers print(long_string.isalnum()) # Returns the string length print(len(long_string)) # Replace the first word with the second (Add a number to replace more) print(long_string.replace("Floor", "Ground")) # Remove white space from front and end print(long_string.strip()) # Split a string into a list based on the delimiter you provide quote_list = long_string.split(" ") print(quote_list) # FILE I/O ------------- # Overwrite or create a file for writing test_file = open("test.txt", "wb") # Get the file mode used print(test_file.mode) # Get the files name print(test_file.name) # Write text to a file with a newline test_file.write(bytes("Write me to the file\n", 'UTF-8')) # Close the file test_file.close() # Opens a file for reading and writing test_file = open("test.txt", "r+") # Read text from the file text_in_file = test_file.read() print(text_in_file) # Delete the file os.remove("test.txt") # CLASSES AND OBJECTS ------------- # The concept of OOP allows us to model real world things using code # Every object has attributes (color, height, weight) which are object variables # Every object has abilities (walk, talk, eat) which are object functions class Animal: # None signifies the lack of a value # You can make a variable private by starting it with __ __name = None __height = None __weight = None __sound = None # The constructor is called to set up or initialize an object # self allows an object to refer to itself inside of the class def __init__(self, name, height, weight, sound): self.__name = name self.__height = height self.__weight = weight self.__sound = sound def set_name(self, name): self.__name = name def set_height(self, height): self.__height = height def set_weight(self, height): self.__height = height def set_sound(self, sound): self.__sound = sound def get_name(self): return self.__name def get_height(self): return str(self.__height) def get_weight(self): return str(self.__weight) def get_sound(self): return self.__sound def get_type(self): print("Animal") def toString(self): return "{} is {} cm tall and {} kilograms and says {}".format(self.__name, self.__height, self.__weight, self.__sound) # How to create a Animal object cat = Animal('Whiskers', 33, 10, 'Meow') print(cat.toString()) # You can't access this value directly because it is private #print(cat.__name) # INHERITANCE ------------- # You can inherit all of the variables and methods from another class class Dog(Animal): __owner = None def __init__(self, name, height, weight, sound, owner): self.__owner = owner self.__animal_type = None # How to call the super class constructor super(Dog, self).__init__(name, height, weight, sound) def set_owner(self, owner): self.__owner = owner def get_owner(self): return self.__owner def get_type(self): print ("Dog") # We can overwrite functions in the super class def toString(self): return "{} is {} cm tall and {} kilograms and says {}. His owner is {}".format(self.get_name(), self.get_height(), self.get_weight(), self.get_sound(), self.__owner) # You don't have to require attributes to be sent # This allows for method overloading def multiple_sounds(self, how_many=None): if how_many is None: print(self.get_sound) else: print(self.get_sound() * how_many) spot = Dog("Spot", 53, 27, "Ruff", "Derek") print(spot.toString()) # Polymorphism allows use to refer to objects as their super class # and the correct functions are called automatically class AnimalTesting: def get_type(self, animal): animal.get_type() test_animals = AnimalTesting() test_animals.get_type(cat) test_animals.get_type(spot) spot.multiple_sounds(4)