This guide is based off of Setting Up Docker for Windows and WSL to Work Flawlessly

Install Docker for Windows

This will disable VirtualBox when you enable Hyper-V

Install Docker for Windows Sub-system Linux

# Update the apt package list.
sudo apt-get update -y

# Install Docker's package dependencies.
sudo apt-get install -y \
    apt-transport-https \
    ca-certificates \
    curl \
    software-properties-common

# Download and add Docker's official public PGP key.
curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -

# Verify the fingerprint.
sudo apt-key fingerprint 0EBFCD88

# Add the `stable` channel's Docker upstream repository.
#
# If you want to live on the edge, you can change "stable" below to "test" or
# "nightly". I highly recommend sticking with stable!
sudo add-apt-repository \
   "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu \
   $(lsb_release -cs) \
   stable"

# Update the apt package list (for the new apt repo).
sudo apt-get update -y

# Install the latest version of Docker CE.
sudo apt-get install -y docker-ce

# Allow your user to access the Docker CLI without needing root access.
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER

Install Docker Compose

# Install Python and PIP.
sudo apt-get install -y python python-pip

# Install Docker Compose into your user's home directory.
pip install --user docker-compose

Configure WSL to Connect to Docker for Windows

Turn on "Expose Daemon on tcp://localhost:2375 without TLS" in Docker Desktop(Windows)

Setup WSL Docker to connect to the windows daemon

echo "export DOCKER_HOST=tcp://localhost:2375" >> ~/.bashrc && source ~/.bashrc

Ensure everything is bueno

# You should get a bunch of output about your Docker daemon.
# If you get a permission denied error, close + open your terminal and try again.
docker info

# You should get back your Docker Compose version.
docker-compose --version

Volume Mounts.. >:(

OPTIONAL - Upgrade to Ubuntu 18.04 - I can only confirm that this works on 18.04, My guess is 16.04 works fine.

# Install release upgrader
sudo apt install ubuntu-release-upgrader-core -y

# Upgrade! (20-30 min wait time)
sudo do-release-upgrade -d

We need to set root = / because this will make your drives mounted at /c or /e instead of /mnt/c or /mnt/e.

The options = "metadata" line is not necessary but it will fix folder and file permissions on WSL mounts so everything isn’t 777 all the time within the WSL mounts. I highly recommend you do this!

sudo vi /etc/wsl.conf

# Now make it look like this and save the file when you're done:
[automount]
root = /
options = "metadata"

After making this change sign out of your computer so it will recognize the changes.

Enable C: Sharing

If you try to enable the C: for sharing at this moment it will most likely give you a firewall error.

Open PowerShell as Administrator then run:

Set-NetConnectionProfile -interfacealias "vEthernet (DockerNAT)" -NetworkCategory Private

Go to your network settings:

Win + X

Select "Network Connections" -> "Network and Sharing Center" -> "Change Adapter Settings"

Select "vEthernet (DockerNAT)" -> Properties

Unselect File and Printer Sharing and press OK then open the properties again and turn it back on. (windows magic ensues)

Go to Docker Desktop and share your C:

HOOORAY it should work, otherwise book off the next couple hours

Troubleshooting

Error starting userland proxy: mkdir /port/tcp:0.0.0.0:80:tcp:172.19.0.3:80: input/output error

Restart your docker daemon through Docker Desktop

Volume showing directories but not files

This means your mount of C: was unsuccessful, check your root directory to see if C exists. If C: exists be sure it is shared in Docker Desktop.