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Revisions

  1. @varqox varqox revised this gist May 6, 2025. 1 changed file with 2 additions and 1 deletion.
    3 changes: 2 additions & 1 deletion install_debian_with_debootstrap_howto.md
    View file
    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ For more details see: `man fstab`

    Fill `/etc/apt/sources.list`:
    ```bash
    apt install lsb-release
    apt install ca-certificates lsb-release
    CODENAME=$(lsb_release --codename --short)
    cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << HEREDOC
    deb https://deb.debian.org/debian/ $CODENAME main contrib non-free
    @@ -392,6 +392,7 @@ Remember that an unprivileged user has to be created because, by default ssh'ing

    Create user and set password:
    ```bash
    exec su -
    useradd USERNAME -m
    passwd USERNAME
    ```
  2. @varqox varqox revised this gist Jul 18, 2023. 1 changed file with 8 additions and 0 deletions.
    8 changes: 8 additions & 0 deletions install_debian_with_debootstrap_howto.md
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    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -433,6 +433,14 @@ systemctl restart console-setup

    E.g. I select `Generic 105-key PC (intl.)` > `Polish - Polish (programmer Dvorak)`.
    ## Enable `os_prober` in `grub`
    This will make grub search for and add to menu other systems like Windows or other Linux distribution.
    ```
    (cat /etc/default/grub; echo GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=false) | sudo tee /etc/default/grub && sudo update-grub
    ```
    # Finish installation
    ## Precautionary reboot
  3. @varqox varqox revised this gist Nov 8, 2021. 1 changed file with 4 additions and 4 deletions.
    8 changes: 4 additions & 4 deletions install_debian_with_debootstrap_howto.md
    View file
    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -485,14 +485,14 @@ E.g. output:
    Now we want grub to always boot the old system by default.
    To set default system use `grub-set-default 'NUM'` where `NUM` is the number from the first column e.g.
    - For `Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 4.19.0-18-amd64 (on /dev/sda1)` use:
    ```bash
    grub-set-default '3>1'
    ```
    - For `Debian GNU/Linux 10 (buster) (on /dev/sda1)` use:
    ```bash
    grub-set-default '2'
    ```
    - For `Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 4.19.0-18-amd64 (on /dev/sda1)` use:
    ```bash
    grub-set-default '3>1'
    ```
    ***Remember to change this if the new system boots successfully and you want it to be the default system e.g. `grub-set-default '0'`***
    For more details see: https://wiki.debian.org/GrubReboot#With_GRUB_v2
  4. @varqox varqox revised this gist Nov 2, 2021. 1 changed file with 1 addition and 1 deletion.
    2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion install_debian_with_debootstrap_howto.md
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    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ The operation has completed successfully.

    The post-MBR gap (between MBR region and the start of the first partition) should be enough for GRUB, so you don't have to do anything.

    If your first partition start at 1 MiB (you can check it using `fdisk /dev/GRUBDISK -l` or `parted /dev/GRUBDISK print`; one sector = logical sector size), then all should be fine. Otherwise you may need to make the beginning of the first partition have bigger offset.
    If your first partition starts at 1 MiB (you can check it using `fdisk /dev/GRUBDISK -l` or `parted /dev/GRUBDISK print`; one sector = logical sector size), then all should be fine. Otherwise you may need to make the beginning of the first partition have bigger offset.

    ### UEFI systems

  5. @varqox varqox revised this gist Nov 2, 2021. 1 changed file with 141 additions and 24 deletions.
    165 changes: 141 additions & 24 deletions install_debian_with_debootstrap_howto.md
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    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -5,23 +5,28 @@ Instructions how to install Debian using debootstrap. Below instructions were ve
    1. [Conventions](#conventions)
    2. [Essential steps](#essential-steps)
    1. [Install debootstrap](#install-debootstrap)
    2. [Set up filesystem for Debian](#set-up-filesystem-for-debian)
    3. [Mount filesystem](#mount-filesystem)
    4. [Install base system](#install-base-system)
    5. [Chroot into installed base system](#chroot-into-installed-base-system)
    6. [Set up editor](#set-up-editor)
    7. [Edit fstab file](#edit-fstab-file)
    8. [Configure apt sources](#configure-apt-sources)
    9. [Choose timezone](#choose-timezone)
    10. [Configure locales](#configure-locales)
    11. [Install kernel](#install-kernel)
    12. [Install firmware](#install-firmware)
    13. [Set hostname](#set-hostname)
    14. [Configure networking](#configure-networking)
    2. [Prepare disk for installing boot loader](#prepare-disk-for-installing-boot-loader)
    * [BIOS systems](#bios-systems)
    * [GPT specific instructions](#gpt-specific-instructions)
    * [MBR specific instructions](#mbr-specific-instructions)
    * [UEFI systems](#uefi-systems)
    3. [Set up filesystem for Debian](#set-up-filesystem-for-debian)
    4. [Mount filesystem](#mount-filesystem)
    5. [Install base system](#install-base-system)
    6. [Chroot into installed base system](#chroot-into-installed-base-system)
    7. [Set up editor](#set-up-editor)
    8. [Edit fstab file](#edit-fstab-file)
    9. [Configure apt sources](#configure-apt-sources)
    10. [Choose timezone](#choose-timezone)
    11. [Configure locales](#configure-locales)
    12. [Install kernel](#install-kernel)
    13. [Install firmware](#install-firmware)
    14. [Set hostname](#set-hostname)
    15. [Configure networking](#configure-networking)
    * [Simpler option: NetworkManager](#simpler-option-networkmanager)
    * [Other option: network interfaces](#other-option-network-interfaces)
    15. [Install boot loader](#install-boot-loader)
    16. [Set root's password](#set-roots-password)
    16. [Install boot loader](#install-boot-loader)
    17. [Set root's password](#set-roots-password)
    3. [Optional steps](#optional-steps)
    1. [Install ssh-server](#install-ssh-server)
    2. [Create an unprivileged user](#create-an-unprivileged-user)
    @@ -42,6 +47,7 @@ Instructions how to install Debian using debootstrap. Below instructions were ve

    - `/dev/PARTITION`: replace it with the partition where Debian is to be installed e.g. `/dev/sda2` or `/dev/sdb1`
    - `/mnt`: mountpoint for `/dev/PARTITION`, you can change it to something else
    - `/dev/GRUBDISK`: the disk on which you want grub to be installed e.g. `/dev/sda` (don't confuse it with a partition e.g. `/dev/sda1`)

    # Essential steps

    @@ -60,6 +66,117 @@ Then install it:
    dpkg -i debootstrap_*.*.*_all.deb
    ```

    ## Prepare disk for installing boot loader

    BIOS systems require different steps than UEFI systems.

    ### BIOS systems

    If you intend to boot the system you will need a boot loader and it needs a place on disk (see step [Install boot loader to disk](#install-boot-loader-to-disk)).

    First check what is the partition table using either `fdisk` or `parted`:
    * `fdisk /dev/GRUBDISK -l` and look for `Disklabel type:`.
    - `Disklabel type: gpt` means GPT.
    - `Disklabel type: dos` means MBR.
    - no `Disklabel type:` probably means partition table is missing.
    * `parted /dev/GRUBDISK print` and look for `Partition Table:`
    - `Partition Table: gpt` means GPT.
    - `Partition Table: msdos` means MBR.
    - `Partition Table: unknown` probably means partition table is missing.

    #### GPT specific instructions

    GRUB needs unformatted `BIOS boot partition` (see: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/GRUB#GUID_Partition_Table_(GPT)_specific_instructions). This partition should be big enough, but around 1000 KiB should suffice. To make one you can use e.g. `gdisk`:
    ```bash
    apt install gdisk
    gdisk /dev/GRUBDISK
    ```
    In `gdisk`, to make some partition a `BIOS boot partition`, change its type to `ef02`.

    Below is an example of how one can partition the whole disk e.g. `/dev/vda` (has Logical block size = 512 bytes; first created partition is `BIOS boot partition`, second is a partition for the new Debian):
    ```
    [root@debian10:~]# gdisk /dev/vda
    GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.3
    Partition table scan:
    MBR: protective
    BSD: not present
    APM: not present
    GPT: present
    Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
    Command (? for help): o
    This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.
    Proceed? (Y/N): y
    Command (? for help): x
    Expert command (? for help): l
    Enter the sector alignment value (1-65536, default = 2048): 1
    Warning: Setting alignment to a value that does not match the disk's
    physical block size! Performance degradation may result!
    Physical block size = 4096
    Logical block size = 512
    Optimal alignment = 8 or multiples thereof.
    Expert command (? for help): m
    Command (? for help): n
    Partition number (1-128, default 1): 42
    First sector (34-20971486, default = 34) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: 34
    Last sector (34-20971486, default = 20971486) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: 2047
    Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
    Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): ef02
    Changed type of partition to 'BIOS boot partition'
    Command (? for help): n
    Partition number (1-128, default 1):
    First sector (2048-20971486, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
    Last sector (2048-20971486, default = 20971486) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
    Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
    Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
    Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
    Command (? for help): p
    Disk /dev/vda: 20971520 sectors, 10.0 GiB
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512/4096 bytes
    Disk identifier (GUID): 2819ACC4-D83C-4DBC-AA01-C517C36A6A7B
    Partition table holds up to 128 entries
    Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
    First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 20971486
    Partitions will be aligned on 1-sector boundaries
    Total free space is 0 sectors (0 bytes)
    Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
    1 2048 20971486 10.0 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
    42 34 2047 1007.0 KiB EF02 BIOS boot partition
    Command (? for help): w
    Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
    PARTITIONS!!
    Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
    OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/vda.
    The operation has completed successfully.
    ```

    #### MBR specific instructions

    The post-MBR gap (between MBR region and the start of the first partition) should be enough for GRUB, so you don't have to do anything.

    If your first partition start at 1 MiB (you can check it using `fdisk /dev/GRUBDISK -l` or `parted /dev/GRUBDISK print`; one sector = logical sector size), then all should be fine. Otherwise you may need to make the beginning of the first partition have bigger offset.

    ### UEFI systems

    TODO

    For more information check out: https://wiki.debian.org/UEFI and https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/GRUB#UEFI_systems (should be more helpful).

    ---
    For more information about setting up GRUB see: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/GRUB

    ## Set up filesystem for Debian

    E.g.
    @@ -127,7 +244,7 @@ E.g. `/etc/fstab` based on the one produced by Debian 11 installer:
    # Please run 'systemctl daemon-reload' after making changes here.
    #
    # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
    UUID=f80d9192-2bd3-466b-8c5f-ac10614e1d3d / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
    UUID=f80d9192-2bd3-466b-8c5f-ac10614e1d3d / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
    ```
    To make life easier you can do:
    @@ -367,16 +484,16 @@ E.g. output:
    Now we want grub to always boot the old system by default.
    To set default system use `grub-set-default NUM` where `NUM` is the number from the first column e.g.
    To set default system use `grub-set-default 'NUM'` where `NUM` is the number from the first column e.g.
    - For `Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 4.19.0-18-amd64 (on /dev/sda1)` use:
    ```bash
    grub-set-default 3>1
    grub-set-default '3>1'
    ```
    - For `Debian GNU/Linux 10 (buster) (on /dev/sda1)` use:
    ```bash
    grub-set-default 2
    grub-set-default '2'
    ```
    ***Remember to change this if the new system boots successfully and you want it to be the default system e.g. `grub-set-defalt 0`***
    ***Remember to change this if the new system boots successfully and you want it to be the default system e.g. `grub-set-default '0'`***
    For more details see: https://wiki.debian.org/GrubReboot#With_GRUB_v2
    @@ -417,9 +534,9 @@ systemctl enable precautionary-reboot.timer
    ### On the next boot, boot the new system once
    Now tell GRUB to choose (only on the next boot) the new system using `grub-reboot NUM` e.g. booting `Debian GNU/Linux`:
    Now tell GRUB to choose (only on the next boot) the new system using `grub-reboot 'NUM'` e.g. booting `Debian GNU/Linux`:
    ```bash
    grub-reboot 0
    grub-reboot '0'
    ```
    For more details see: https://wiki.debian.org/GrubReboot#With_GRUB_v2
    @@ -429,9 +546,9 @@ For more details see: https://wiki.debian.org/GrubReboot#With_GRUB_v2
    ***Warning: this step overwrites the current grub installation***
    ```bash
    update-grub && grub-install --root-directory / /dev/DISK
    update-grub && grub-install --root-directory / /dev/GRUBDISK
    ```
    where `/dev/DISK` is the disk on which you want grub to be installed e.g. `/dev/sda`.
    where `/dev/GRUBDISK` is the disk on which you want grub to be installed e.g. `/dev/sda` (don't confuse it with a partition which is e.g. `/dev/sda1`).
    ## Exit chroot
  6. @varqox varqox revised this gist Oct 24, 2021. 1 changed file with 1 addition and 1 deletion.
    2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion install_debian_with_debootstrap_howto.md
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    @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
    Instructions how to install debian using debootstrap. Below instructions were verified to work with debootstrapping Debian 11.
    Instructions how to install Debian using debootstrap. Below instructions were verified to work with debootstrapping Debian 11.

    # Table of contents

  7. @varqox varqox revised this gist Oct 24, 2021. 2 changed files with 452 additions and 214 deletions.
    214 changes: 0 additions & 214 deletions InstallDebian-HOWTO.md
    View file
    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -1,214 +0,0 @@
    ### Warning
    This is a tutorial from 2016, originally for installing debian `jessie`, it may work for newer versions of debian, but I haven't check it (however, it should mostly work because not that much changed since then). You may want to change every occurrence of `buster` to a name of a new version of debian.

    # Install debootstrap
    Make work directory:
    ```
    mkdir work
    cd work
    ```

    Go [here](https://deb.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/debootstrap/) and download latest.
    Now you can install it with dpkg:
    ```
    dpkg -i debootstrap_X.X.X_all.deb
    ```

    or copy files (of course you will need root privileges):
    ```
    ar -x debootstrap_X.X.X_all.deb
    cd /
    zcat /full-path-to-work/work/data.tar.gz | tar xv
    ```

    # Set up file system

    `mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdaX`

    ## Mount

    `mount /dev/sdaX /mnt`


    # Install system

    ## Install base system
    Usage: debootstrap --arch ARCH RELEASE DIR MIRROR
    ```
    debootstrap --arch amd64 buster /mnt https://deb.debian.org/debian/
    ```

    ## Chroot into installed system

    ```
    mount -t proc /proc /mnt/proc/
    mount -t sysfs /sys /mnt/sys/
    mount -o bind /dev /mnt/dev/
    chroot /mnt /bin/bash
    ```

    ## Edit fstab file

    `editor /etc/fstab`

    Paste something like that
    ```
    # <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
    /dev/sda1 / ext4 defaults 1 1
    ```

    Instead of device you can use UUID (which you can obtain via command `blkid`) for example:
    ```
    # <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
    UUID=6a60524d-061d-454a-bfd1-38989910eccd / ext4 defaults 1 1
    ```

    ## Configure apt sources

    `editor /etc/apt/sources.list`

    Example list:
    ```
    deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
    deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
    deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
    deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
    deb http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
    ```
    _It is a shame that `security.debian.org` cannot be used with `https`..._

    ### Update apt

    `apt-get update`

    # Configure system

    ## Choose timezone

    `dpkg-reconfigure tzdata`

    ## Configure locales
    ```
    apt-get install locales
    dpkg-reconfigure locales
    ```

    ## Configure networking
    To configure networking, edit /etc/network/interfaces, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/hostname and /etc/hosts.

    `editor /etc/network/interfaces`

    Here are some simple examples from /usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples:
    ```
    ######################################################################
    # /etc/network/interfaces -- configuration file for ifup(8), ifdown(8)
    # See the interfaces(5) manpage for information on what options are
    # available.
    ######################################################################
    # We always want the loopback interface.
    #
    auto lo
    iface lo inet loopback
    # To use dhcp:
    #
    # auto eth0
    # iface eth0 inet dhcp
    # An example static IP setup: (broadcast and gateway are optional)
    #
    # auto eth0
    # iface eth0 inet static
    # address 192.168.0.42
    # network 192.168.0.0
    # netmask 255.255.255.0
    # broadcast 192.168.0.255
    # gateway 192.168.0.1
    ```

    Enter your nameserver(s) and search directives in /etc/resolv.conf:

    `editor /etc/resolv.conf`

    A simple example /etc/resolv.conf:
    ```
    search hqdom.local
    nameserver 10.1.1.36
    nameserver 192.168.9.100
    Enter your system's host name (2 to 63 characters):
    ```

    `echo DebianHostName > /etc/hostname`

    And a basic /etc/hosts with IPv6 support:
    ```
    127.0.0.1 localhost
    127.0.1.1 DebianHostName
    # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
    ::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
    fe00::0 ip6-localnet
    ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
    ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
    ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
    ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
    ```
    If you have multiple network cards, you should arrange the names of driver modules in the /etc/modules file into the desired order. Then during boot, each card will be associated with the interface name (eth0, eth1, etc.) that you expect.

    ## Install kernel
    If you intend to boot this system, you probably want a Linux kernel and a boot loader. Identify available pre-packaged kernels with:

    `apt-cache search linux-image`

    Then install the kernel package of your choice using its package name.

    `apt-get install linux-image-arch-etc`

    ### Install boot Loader
    ```
    apt-get install grub2
    ```

    ### Install drivers

    `apt-get install firmware-linux firmware-linux-free firmware-linux-nonfree`

    ## Install additional software

    `tasksel install standard`

    ## Set root's password
    ```
    passwd
    ```

    # Finish installation
    Optionally you can clean apt downloaded archives:

    `apt-get clean`

    Now exit the chroot environment simply by typing:
    ```
    exit
    ```

    And then:
    ```
    umount /mnt/proc
    umount /mnt/sys
    umount /mnt/dev
    ```

    ## Install boot loader
    ```
    apt-get install grub2
    grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sda
    ```

    And finally:

    `umount /mnt`
    452 changes: 452 additions & 0 deletions install_debian_with_debootstrap_howto.md
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    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
    Instructions how to install debian using debootstrap. Below instructions were verified to work with debootstrapping Debian 11.

    # Table of contents

    1. [Conventions](#conventions)
    2. [Essential steps](#essential-steps)
    1. [Install debootstrap](#install-debootstrap)
    2. [Set up filesystem for Debian](#set-up-filesystem-for-debian)
    3. [Mount filesystem](#mount-filesystem)
    4. [Install base system](#install-base-system)
    5. [Chroot into installed base system](#chroot-into-installed-base-system)
    6. [Set up editor](#set-up-editor)
    7. [Edit fstab file](#edit-fstab-file)
    8. [Configure apt sources](#configure-apt-sources)
    9. [Choose timezone](#choose-timezone)
    10. [Configure locales](#configure-locales)
    11. [Install kernel](#install-kernel)
    12. [Install firmware](#install-firmware)
    13. [Set hostname](#set-hostname)
    14. [Configure networking](#configure-networking)
    * [Simpler option: NetworkManager](#simpler-option-networkmanager)
    * [Other option: network interfaces](#other-option-network-interfaces)
    15. [Install boot loader](#install-boot-loader)
    16. [Set root's password](#set-roots-password)
    3. [Optional steps](#optional-steps)
    1. [Install ssh-server](#install-ssh-server)
    2. [Create an unprivileged user](#create-an-unprivileged-user)
    3. [Install additional software](#install-additional-software)
    4. [Configure console keyboard layout](#configure-console-keyboard-layout)
    4. [Finish installation](#finish-installation)
    1. [Precautionary reboot](#precautionary-reboot)
    1. [Boot the old system by default](#boot-the-old-system-by-default)
    2. [Make kernel reboot after kernel panic](#make-kernel-reboot-after-kernel-panic)
    3. [Delayed reboot after startup](#delayed-reboot-after-startup)
    4. [On the next boot, boot the new system once](#on-the-next-boot-boot-the-new-system-once)
    2. [Install boot loader to disk](#install-boot-loader-to-disk)
    3. [Exit chroot](#exit-chroot)
    4. [Unmount `/mnt`](#unmount-mnt)
    5. [Reboot into the new system](#reboot-into-the-new-system)

    # Conventions

    - `/dev/PARTITION`: replace it with the partition where Debian is to be installed e.g. `/dev/sda2` or `/dev/sdb1`
    - `/mnt`: mountpoint for `/dev/PARTITION`, you can change it to something else

    # Essential steps

    ## Install debootstrap

    Prepare work directory, e.g:
    ```bash
    cd /tmp
    ```
    Go https://deb.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/debootstrap/?C=M;O=D and download latest `debootstrap_X.X.X_all.deb`, e.g.:
    ```bash
    wget 'https://deb.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/debootstrap/debootstrap_1.0.124_all.deb'
    ```
    Then install it:
    ```bash
    dpkg -i debootstrap_*.*.*_all.deb
    ```

    ## Set up filesystem for Debian

    E.g.
    ```bash
    mkfs.ext4 /dev/PARTITION
    ```

    ## Mount filesystem

    ```bash
    mount /dev/PARTITION /mnt
    ```

    ## Install base system

    Usage: `debootstrap --arch ARCH RELEASE DIR MIRROR`
    E.g.
    ```bash
    debootstrap --arch amd64 stable /mnt https://deb.debian.org/debian
    ```

    ## Chroot into installed base system

    ```bash
    mount --make-rslave --rbind /proc /mnt/proc
    mount --make-rslave --rbind /sys /mnt/sys
    mount --make-rslave --rbind /dev /mnt/dev
    mount --make-rslave --rbind /run /mnt/run
    chroot /mnt /bin/bash
    ```

    ## Set up editor

    - `nano`: should already be there as default
    - `vim`:
    ```bash
    apt install vim
    update-alternatives --config editor
    ```
    E.g. I chose `/usr/bin/vim.basic`.
    - others: proceed analogously to `vim`

    ## Edit fstab file

    It is not recommended to name partitions by kernel name e.g. `/dev/sda1`, as they may change. One of the alternatives is `UUID`. To get `UUID` of `/dev/PARTITION` you can use:
    ```bash
    lsblk -f /dev/PARTITION
    ```

    -----------------------------

    To edit `/etc/fstab` use:
    ```bash
    editor /etc/fstab
    ```
    E.g. `/etc/fstab` based on the one produced by Debian 11 installer:
    ```
    # /etc/fstab: static file system information.
    #
    # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
    # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
    # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
    #
    # systemd generates mount units based on this file, see systemd.mount(5).
    # Please run 'systemctl daemon-reload' after making changes here.
    #
    # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
    UUID=f80d9192-2bd3-466b-8c5f-ac10614e1d3d / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
    ```
    To make life easier you can do:
    ```bash
    lsblk -f /dev/PARTITION >> /etc/fstab
    editor /etc/fstab
    ```

    For more details see: `man fstab`

    ## Configure apt sources

    Fill `/etc/apt/sources.list`:
    ```bash
    apt install lsb-release
    CODENAME=$(lsb_release --codename --short)
    cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << HEREDOC
    deb https://deb.debian.org/debian/ $CODENAME main contrib non-free
    deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian/ $CODENAME main contrib non-free
    deb https://security.debian.org/debian-security $CODENAME-security main contrib non-free
    deb-src https://security.debian.org/debian-security $CODENAME-security main contrib non-free
    deb https://deb.debian.org/debian/ $CODENAME-updates main contrib non-free
    deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian/ $CODENAME-updates main contrib non-free
    HEREDOC
    ```
    Then check if everything is as you like:
    ```bash
    editor /etc/apt/sources.list
    ```
    Finally, run:
    ```bash
    apt update
    ```

    For more details see: https://wiki.debian.org/SourcesList

    ## Choose timezone

    `dpkg-reconfigure tzdata`

    ## Configure locales

    ```bash
    apt install locales
    dpkg-reconfigure locales
    ```
    E.g. select `en_US.UTF-8`, then `C.UTF-8`.

    ## Install kernel

    To boot the system you will need Linux kernel and a boot loader. You can search available kernel images by running:

    ```bash
    apt search linux-image
    ```
    Then install your chosen kernel image, e.g.:
    ```bash
    apt install linux-image-amd64
    ```

    ## Install firmware

    ```bash
    apt install firmware-linux
    ```

    ## Set hostname

    Set hostname e.g.:
    ```bash
    echo "MY_HOSTNAME" > /etc/hostname
    ```
    where `MY_HOSTNAME` is the hostname you want to set.

    Then update `/etc/hosts`:
    ```bash
    cat > /etc/hosts << HEREDOC
    127.0.0.1 localhost
    127.0.1.1 $(cat /etc/hostname)
    # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
    ::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
    ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
    ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
    HEREDOC
    ```
    ## Configure networking

    ### Simpler option: NetworkManager

    ```bash
    apt install network-manager
    ```
    For more details see: https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkManager

    ### Other option: network interfaces

    > Warning: I had trouble with physically disconnecting and reconnecting Ethernet cables while using this method. With NetworkManager everything works seamlessly.
    First take a look at examples in `/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples/network-interfaces` and then write your config:
    ```bash
    editor /etc/network/interfaces
    ```
    or create drop-in files in `/etc/network/interfaces.d/` directory and write your configs there.

    Enter your nameserver(s) and search directives in /etc/resolv.conf:

    `editor /etc/resolv.conf`

    A simple example /etc/resolv.conf:
    ```
    search hqdom.local
    nameserver 1.1.1.1
    nameserver 9.9.9.9
    ```

    For more detailed instructions see: https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkConfiguration

    ## Install boot loader

    ```bash
    apt install grub2
    ```
    This will not overwrite the current grub installation on disk, we will do it at the very end of these instructions.

    ## Set root's password

    ```bash
    passwd
    ```

    # Optional steps

    ## Install ssh-server

    ```bash
    apt install openssh-server
    ```

    Remember that an unprivileged user has to be created because, by default ssh'ing onto `root` is forbidden.

    ## Create an unprivileged user

    Create user and set password:
    ```bash
    useradd USERNAME -m
    passwd USERNAME
    ```
    Replace `USERNAME` with username of an user you want to create.

    (Optional) If you intend to use `sudo`:
    * Install `sudo`:
    ```bash
    apt install sudo
    ```
    * Add the new user to group `sudo`:
    ```bash
    usermod -aG sudo USERNAME
    ```

    ## Install additional software

    E.g.
    ```bash
    tasksel install standard
    ```

    To get list of all available tasks use:
    ```bash
    tasksel --list-tasks
    ```

    ## Configure console keyboard layout

    ```bash
    apt install console-setup console-setup-linux
    ```

    To change layout:
    ```bash
    dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration
    systemctl restart console-setup
    ```

    E.g. I select `Generic 105-key PC (intl.)` > `Polish - Polish (programmer Dvorak)`.
    # Finish installation
    ## Precautionary reboot
    It would be great if the machine rebooted into the old system when something goes wrong with the new system. This is attainable to some degree.
    *If you can reboot machine physically or remotely if e.g. kernel malfunctions and have access to grub menu during boot, **then below steps are unnecessary for you**.*
    ### Boot the old system by default
    First, set `GRUB_DEFAULT` to `saved`:
    ```bash
    editor /etc/default/grub
    ```
    or just run:
    ```bash
    sed -i 's/^GRUB_DEFAULT=.*/GRUB_DEFAULT=saved/' /etc/default/grub
    ```
    After that:
    ```bash
    update-grub
    ```
    Now, list all entries in grub menu:
    ```bash
    grep -Pi "menu.* '" /boot/grub/grub.cfg | sed "s/' .*/'/g" | ( \
    IFS=""; A=-1; B=0; \
    while read x; do \
    echo "$x" | grep "^\s" -q && \
    { echo -e "$A>$B\t$x"; B=$((B+1)); } || \
    { A=$((A+1)); B=0; echo -e "$A\t$x"; }; \
    done)
    ```
    E.g. output:
    ```
    0 menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux'
    1 submenu 'Advanced options for Debian GNU/Linux'
    1>0 menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 5.10.0-9-amd64'
    1>1 menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 5.10.0-9-amd64 (recovery mode)'
    2 menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux 10 (buster) (on /dev/sda1)'
    3 submenu 'Advanced options for Debian GNU/Linux 10 (buster) (on /dev/sda1)'
    3>0 menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux (on /dev/sda1)'
    3>1 menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 4.19.0-18-amd64 (on /dev/sda1)'
    3>2 menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 4.19.0-18-amd64 (recovery mode) (on /dev/sda1)'
    3>3 menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 4.19.0-11-amd64 (on /dev/sda1)'
    3>4 menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 4.19.0-11-amd64 (recovery mode) (on /dev/sda1)'
    ```
    Now we want grub to always boot the old system by default.
    To set default system use `grub-set-default NUM` where `NUM` is the number from the first column e.g.
    - For `Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 4.19.0-18-amd64 (on /dev/sda1)` use:
    ```bash
    grub-set-default 3>1
    ```
    - For `Debian GNU/Linux 10 (buster) (on /dev/sda1)` use:
    ```bash
    grub-set-default 2
    ```
    ***Remember to change this if the new system boots successfully and you want it to be the default system e.g. `grub-set-defalt 0`***
    For more details see: https://wiki.debian.org/GrubReboot#With_GRUB_v2
    ### Make kernel reboot after kernel panic
    Now tell kernel to reboot after 10 seconds if kernel panic happens.
    Edit `/etc/default/grub` and append `panic=10` to `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX` e.g. `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="panic=10"`:
    ```bash
    editor /etc/default/grub
    ```
    Then
    ```bash
    update-grub
    ```
    ### Delayed reboot after startup
    To set the system to reboot after 30 seconds if something goes wrong, create systemd service and timer to trigger it and enable the timer:
    ```bash
    cat > /etc/systemd/system/precautionary-reboot.service << 'HEREDOC'
    [Service]
    Type=oneshot
    ExecStart=/bin/systemctl reboot
    HEREDOC
    cat > /etc/systemd/system/precautionary-reboot.timer << 'HEREDOC'
    [Timer]
    OnBootSec=30sec
    AccuracySec=1sec
    [Install]
    WantedBy=timers.target
    HEREDOC
    systemctl enable precautionary-reboot.timer
    ```
    ***Remember to disable this if the new system boots successfully: `systemctl disable --now precautionary-reboot.timer`***
    ### On the next boot, boot the new system once
    Now tell GRUB to choose (only on the next boot) the new system using `grub-reboot NUM` e.g. booting `Debian GNU/Linux`:
    ```bash
    grub-reboot 0
    ```
    For more details see: https://wiki.debian.org/GrubReboot#With_GRUB_v2
    ## Install boot loader to disk
    ***Warning: this step overwrites the current grub installation***
    ```bash
    update-grub && grub-install --root-directory / /dev/DISK
    ```
    where `/dev/DISK` is the disk on which you want grub to be installed e.g. `/dev/sda`.
    ## Exit chroot
    ```bash
    exit
    ```
    ## Unmount `/mnt`
    ```bash
    umount -R /mnt
    ```
    ## Reboot into the new system
    ```bash
    reboot
    ```
  8. @varqox varqox revised this gist Jan 4, 2020. 1 changed file with 0 additions and 5 deletions.
    5 changes: 0 additions & 5 deletions InstallDebian-HOWTO.md
    View file
    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -186,11 +186,6 @@ apt-get install grub2
    passwd
    ```

    ## If you prefer upstart to systemd
    ```
    apt-get install upstart systemd-shim systemd-sysv-
    ```

    # Finish installation
    Optionally you can clean apt downloaded archives:

  9. @varqox varqox revised this gist Jan 4, 2020. 1 changed file with 1 addition and 1 deletion.
    2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion InstallDebian-HOWTO.md
    View file
    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
    deb http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
    ```
    __It is a shame that `security.debian.org` cannot be used with `https`...__
    _It is a shame that `security.debian.org` cannot be used with `https`..._

    ### Update apt

  10. @varqox varqox revised this gist Jan 4, 2020. 1 changed file with 16 additions and 12 deletions.
    28 changes: 16 additions & 12 deletions InstallDebian-HOWTO.md
    View file
    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -1,19 +1,22 @@
    ### Warning
    This is a tutorial from 2016, originally for installing debian `jessie`, it may work for newer versions of debian, but I haven't check it (however, it should mostly work because not that much changed since then). You may want to change every occurrence of `buster` to a name of a new version of debian.

    # Install debootstrap
    Make work directory:
    ```
    mkdir work
    cd work
    ```

    Go [here](http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/debootstrap/) and download latest.
    Go [here](https://deb.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/debootstrap/) and download latest.
    Now you can install it with dpkg:
    ```
    dpkg -i debootstrap_0.X.X_all.deb
    dpkg -i debootstrap_X.X.X_all.deb
    ```

    or copy files (of course you will need root privileges):
    ```
    ar -x debootstrap_0.X.X_all.deb
    ar -x debootstrap_X.X.X_all.deb
    cd /
    zcat /full-path-to-work/work/data.tar.gz | tar xv
    ```
    @@ -30,9 +33,9 @@ zcat /full-path-to-work/work/data.tar.gz | tar xv
    # Install system

    ## Install base system
    Usage: deootstrap --arch ARCH RELEASE DIR MIRROR
    Usage: debootstrap --arch ARCH RELEASE DIR MIRROR
    ```
    debootstrap --arch amd64 jessie /mnt http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/
    debootstrap --arch amd64 buster /mnt https://deb.debian.org/debian/
    ```

    ## Chroot into installed system
    @@ -66,15 +69,16 @@ UUID=6a60524d-061d-454a-bfd1-38989910eccd / ext4 d

    Example list:
    ```
    deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian jessie main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian jessie main contrib non-free
    deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
    deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
    deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian jessie-updates main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian jessie-updates main contrib non-free
    deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
    deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
    deb http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free
    deb http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
    ```
    __It is a shame that `security.debian.org` cannot be used with `https`...__

    ### Update apt

    @@ -192,7 +196,7 @@ Optionally you can clean apt downloaded archives:

    `apt-get clean`

    Now exit the chroot environment symply by typing:
    Now exit the chroot environment simply by typing:
    ```
    exit
    ```
  11. @varqox varqox revised this gist Sep 16, 2019. 1 changed file with 6 additions and 1 deletion.
    7 changes: 6 additions & 1 deletion InstallDebian-HOWTO.md
    View file
    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -192,7 +192,12 @@ Optionally you can clean apt downloaded archives:

    `apt-get clean`

    Now you can go out of chroot environment and type:
    Now exit the chroot environment symply by typing:
    ```
    exit
    ```

    And then:
    ```
    umount /mnt/proc
    umount /mnt/sys
  12. @varqox varqox revised this gist Mar 15, 2016. 1 changed file with 5 additions and 0 deletions.
    5 changes: 5 additions & 0 deletions InstallDebian-HOWTO.md
    View file
    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -182,6 +182,11 @@ apt-get install grub2
    passwd
    ```

    ## If you prefer upstart to systemd
    ```
    apt-get install upstart systemd-shim systemd-sysv-
    ```

    # Finish installation
    Optionally you can clean apt downloaded archives:

  13. @varqox varqox revised this gist Mar 15, 2016. 1 changed file with 5 additions and 0 deletions.
    5 changes: 5 additions & 0 deletions InstallDebian-HOWTO.md
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    @@ -177,6 +177,11 @@ apt-get install grub2

    `tasksel install standard`

    ## Set root's password
    ```
    passwd
    ```

    # Finish installation
    Optionally you can clean apt downloaded archives:

  14. @varqox varqox revised this gist Mar 15, 2016. 1 changed file with 1 addition and 1 deletion.
    2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion InstallDebian-HOWTO.md
    View file
    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ umount /mnt/dev
    ## Install boot loader
    ```
    apt-get install grub2
    grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sdb
    grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sda
    ```

    And finally:
  15. @varqox varqox revised this gist Mar 15, 2016. 1 changed file with 10 additions and 3 deletions.
    13 changes: 10 additions & 3 deletions InstallDebian-HOWTO.md
    View file
    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -167,8 +167,6 @@ Then install the kernel package of your choice using its package name.
    ### Install boot Loader
    ```
    apt-get install grub2
    grub-install /dev/sda
    update-grub
    ```

    ### Install drivers
    @@ -189,5 +187,14 @@ Now you can go out of chroot environment and type:
    umount /mnt/proc
    umount /mnt/sys
    umount /mnt/dev
    umount /mnt
    ```

    ## Install boot loader
    ```
    apt-get install grub2
    grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sdb
    ```

    And finally:

    `umount /mnt`
  16. @varqox varqox created this gist Mar 15, 2016.
    193 changes: 193 additions & 0 deletions InstallDebian-HOWTO.md
    View file
    Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
    @@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
    # Install debootstrap
    Make work directory:
    ```
    mkdir work
    cd work
    ```

    Go [here](http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/debootstrap/) and download latest.
    Now you can install it with dpkg:
    ```
    dpkg -i debootstrap_0.X.X_all.deb
    ```

    or copy files (of course you will need root privileges):
    ```
    ar -x debootstrap_0.X.X_all.deb
    cd /
    zcat /full-path-to-work/work/data.tar.gz | tar xv
    ```

    # Set up file system

    `mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdaX`

    ## Mount

    `mount /dev/sdaX /mnt`


    # Install system

    ## Install base system
    Usage: deootstrap --arch ARCH RELEASE DIR MIRROR
    ```
    debootstrap --arch amd64 jessie /mnt http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/
    ```

    ## Chroot into installed system

    ```
    mount -t proc /proc /mnt/proc/
    mount -t sysfs /sys /mnt/sys/
    mount -o bind /dev /mnt/dev/
    chroot /mnt /bin/bash
    ```

    ## Edit fstab file

    `editor /etc/fstab`

    Paste something like that
    ```
    # <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
    /dev/sda1 / ext4 defaults 1 1
    ```

    Instead of device you can use UUID (which you can obtain via command `blkid`) for example:
    ```
    # <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
    UUID=6a60524d-061d-454a-bfd1-38989910eccd / ext4 defaults 1 1
    ```

    ## Configure apt sources

    `editor /etc/apt/sources.list`

    Example list:
    ```
    deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian jessie main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian jessie main contrib non-free
    deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian jessie-updates main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian jessie-updates main contrib non-free
    deb http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free
    deb-src http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free
    ```

    ### Update apt

    `apt-get update`

    # Configure system

    ## Choose timezone

    `dpkg-reconfigure tzdata`

    ## Configure locales
    ```
    apt-get install locales
    dpkg-reconfigure locales
    ```

    ## Configure networking
    To configure networking, edit /etc/network/interfaces, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/hostname and /etc/hosts.

    `editor /etc/network/interfaces`

    Here are some simple examples from /usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples:
    ```
    ######################################################################
    # /etc/network/interfaces -- configuration file for ifup(8), ifdown(8)
    # See the interfaces(5) manpage for information on what options are
    # available.
    ######################################################################
    # We always want the loopback interface.
    #
    auto lo
    iface lo inet loopback
    # To use dhcp:
    #
    # auto eth0
    # iface eth0 inet dhcp
    # An example static IP setup: (broadcast and gateway are optional)
    #
    # auto eth0
    # iface eth0 inet static
    # address 192.168.0.42
    # network 192.168.0.0
    # netmask 255.255.255.0
    # broadcast 192.168.0.255
    # gateway 192.168.0.1
    ```

    Enter your nameserver(s) and search directives in /etc/resolv.conf:

    `editor /etc/resolv.conf`

    A simple example /etc/resolv.conf:
    ```
    search hqdom.local
    nameserver 10.1.1.36
    nameserver 192.168.9.100
    Enter your system's host name (2 to 63 characters):
    ```

    `echo DebianHostName > /etc/hostname`

    And a basic /etc/hosts with IPv6 support:
    ```
    127.0.0.1 localhost
    127.0.1.1 DebianHostName
    # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
    ::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
    fe00::0 ip6-localnet
    ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
    ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
    ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
    ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
    ```
    If you have multiple network cards, you should arrange the names of driver modules in the /etc/modules file into the desired order. Then during boot, each card will be associated with the interface name (eth0, eth1, etc.) that you expect.

    ## Install kernel
    If you intend to boot this system, you probably want a Linux kernel and a boot loader. Identify available pre-packaged kernels with:

    `apt-cache search linux-image`

    Then install the kernel package of your choice using its package name.

    `apt-get install linux-image-arch-etc`

    ### Install boot Loader
    ```
    apt-get install grub2
    grub-install /dev/sda
    update-grub
    ```

    ### Install drivers

    `apt-get install firmware-linux firmware-linux-free firmware-linux-nonfree`

    ## Install additional software

    `tasksel install standard`

    # Finish installation
    Optionally you can clean apt downloaded archives:

    `apt-get clean`

    Now you can go out of chroot environment and type:
    ```
    umount /mnt/proc
    umount /mnt/sys
    umount /mnt/dev
    umount /mnt
    ```