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June 17, 2017 02:11
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| 복녀는 원래 가난은 하나만 (감자 1) | |
| Pattern: -나만 a non-standard combination of adversative -나 but, strengthened by particle 만. | |
| Here: 복녀 [was from] an originally poor, but [honest farming family] . . . | |
| 농민으로 떨어지자부터 (감자 1) | |
| Pattern: -자부터 ever since the moment when . . ., from the moment when . . ., | |
| right from when . . . | |
| Here: Ever since [the family] fell in status to that of farmer, . . . | |
| 막연하나마 (감자 1) | |
| Pattern: extended adversative -(으)나마 (is/does) but anyway; however; despite (the valuedetracting fact that . . .). On an adjective often translatable as ADJECTIVE though it may be . . . | |
| Here: vague though it may have been, . . . | |
| 그보다 이십년이나 위로서 (감자 1) | |
| Pattern: particle -(으)로서 as, for, in the capacity of; being . . . | |
| Here: Being twenty olders than she . . . | |
| 소작밭깨나 (감자 1) | |
| Pattern: -깨나 or -개나 just because of (a trifle), or the (paltry) likes. | |
| Here: [Whenever one of the local old men would get him] a lousy plot of leased land . . . | |
| 금년엔 흉년입네 (감자 1) | |
| Pattern: dialect final ending in -ㅂ네 (related historically to the -ㅂ니- of -ㅂ니다 ). | |
| Here: [He would say:] ‘This year is a poor harvest . . .’ | |
| 가져도 안 가고 (감자 2) | |
| Pattern: 가져도 안 가고 for 가져가지도 안 하고 i.e., -지도 않- doesn’t/isn’t even . . . in a compound verb abbreviated by placing the 도 on the infinitive of the first member of the compound. | |
| Here: [He] never even brought [any of the harvest to the field owner] . . . | |
| 혼자 먹어 버리곤 하였다 . (감자 2) | |
| Pattern: habitual -곤 하다 abbreviated from -고는 하다 makes a habit/regular practice (a regular thing) of doing it; does it from time to time. | |
| Here: [He] used to (would) eat it all up by himself. | |
| 밭을 못 얻을이 만큼 (감자 2) | |
| Pattern: -(으)ㄹ이 만큼 (prospective modifier + noun + particle) to the extent that will do/be (equivalent to the pattern in -(으)ㄹ 정도(로) ); enough to do, as much as necessary for doing. | |
| Here: . . . to the extent that he couldn’t even get a plot. | |
| 막벌이나마 (감자 2) | |
| Pattern: particle -(이)나마 although it is (only the likes of) . . .; at least, anyway; even; NOUN though it may be | |
| Here: even [something as trifling as] manual labor | |
| 어찌 막벌이인들 될까 (감자 2) | |
| Pattern: -(으)ㄴ들 (lit.: granted that, even though it is or does (often followed by or accompanying a rhetorical question). Here the form is on | |
| the copula -(이)ㄴ들 granted that it be/is; even though it be/is . . . | |
| Here: (Granted that/even if it be work as a day-laborer), how could it work out? | |
| 벳섬 좀 치워 달라우요 . (감자 2) | |
| Pattern: dialect phonology. Phyengan dialect has 에 corresponding to standard 여 : 벳섬 = 볏섬 . The form 달라우요 is also presumably dialect, and looks like semi-authoritative (하오) style 달라오, please give me/do me the favor of . . .followed by the polite 요 (which was more of a woman’s speech form in those days). | |
| Here: Can you please get this rice sack out of the way? | |
| 님자 치우시관 . (감자 2) | |
| Pattern: dialect morphology. Clearly some sort of imperative in -관, but not easily traced in standard reference works. | |
| Here: you get it out of the way. | |
| 에이구 칵 죽구나 말디 . (감자 2) | |
| Pattern: dialect phonology. Phyengan dialects never underwent the palatalization and affrication experienced by other Korean dialects. The -디 here preserves Middle Korean -디, which developed into -지 in most dialects besides Phyengan. The pattern here is ‘eventual development of an action’ in -고(나) 말다. | |
| Here: Oh, (you should) drop dead [or the likes = (이)나 ]. | |
| 정업은 거지요 (감자 3) | |
| Pattern: -이요 = -이고 . In mid-sentence, -이요 is equivalent to (and derived from) -이고, but with a literary fluorish and a sense of insistence and/or emphasis. | |
| Here: (Their) main line of work was beggary, and . . . | |
| 누가 밥인들 잘 줄까 (감자 3) | |
| Pattern: -(으)ㄴ들 [lit.] granted that, even though it is or does (often followed by or accompanying a rhetorical question). Here the form is on | |
| the copula -(이)ㄴ들 granted that it be/is; even though it be/is . . . | |
| Here: Who would give (even some paltry) food [to a healthy woman in her prime]? | |
| 젊은 거이 거랑질은 왜? (감자 3) | |
| Pattern: dialect phonology. Here 거이 is for standard 게 ← 것이, with lack of | |
| monophthongization common in Phyengan dialects. | |
| Here: Why would a young person like you need to beg? | |
| 남편이 병으로 죽어 가거니 어쩌느니 핑계는 대었지만 (감자 3) | |
| Pattern: tentative sequential -거니 with the likely fact or reason that + [here implied] verb of quotation: (says/thinks) that [QUOTE] is most likely the case that, is probably the case that . . . Here this form is paired with | |
| 어쩌- say something or other in the -느니 form (what with carrying doing A and doing B), another form for listing or quoting tedious [blah-blah-blah] items. | |
| Here: (She) would make up excuses about her husband dying of some disease and the like (어쩌느니), but . . . | |
| 돈벌이 좀 잘하는 사람의 집에라도 간간 찾아 가면 (감자 3) | |
| Pattern: pseudo-particle -(이)라도 (1) even if (it be) (2) just, (or the ) like ( = 이나 ); or even; any, some on directional particle 에. Lit.: even if it be just to the homes of men who are good at making money. | |
| Here: (If she) occasionally visited the homes of reasonably well-off men, . . . | |
| 잠깐 새에 (감자 4) | |
| Abbreviated from = 잠깐 사이에 | |
| 차곤 하였다. (감자 4) | |
| Pattern: habitual -곤 하다 abbreviated from -고는 하다 makes a habit/regular practice (a regular thing) of doing it; does it from time to time. | |
| Here: (Her bucket) would fill up (in no time). | |
| 묵인할 뿐아니라 (감자 4) | |
| Pattern: -(으)ㄹ뿐(만)아니라 not only . . ., but (also) . . .; furthermore; as well as; besides, in addition, on top of that. | |
| Here: Not only did (the supervisor) ignore, but . . . | |
| 복네 ← 복녀 (감자 4) | |
| Pattern: dialect phonology. Phyengan dialect has 에 corresponding to standard 여. | |
| 왜 그릅네까? (감자 4) | |
| Pattern: dialect morphology. Phyengan dialect has -ㅂ네까 corresponding to standard -ㅂ니까 . | |
| 한 사람으로 되었다. (감자 5) | |
| Pattern: particle (으)로 in its meaning of (change of state) into. | |
| Here: became one of those people (who . . .) | |
| 사람의 일이 아니요 (감자 5) | |
| Pattern: -이요 = -이고 . In mid-sentence -이요 is equivalent to (and derived from) -이고 , but with a literary fluorish and a sense of insistence and/or emphasis. Here the base is the negative copula 아니-. Here: (It) was not something people did . . . | |
| 짐승의 하는 것 (감자 5) | |
| Pattern: use of 의 to mark the subject of a subordinate clause. Modern Korean is more likely now to mark this with 이/가. | |
| Here: something which beasts did | |
| 죽어지는지도 모를 일로 알았다 (감자 5) | |
| Pattern: (으)로 알다 deem it, consider it as, reckon it to be, think of it as. Note also the ‘get’- passive in -어 지다 on intransitive 죽- die. Presumably, 죽어지- implies an even more drastic lack of control (implied by the -어 지다 pattern) than just 죽- , and means something like drop dead. | |
| Here: thought of it as something which [if she did it], she would drop dead . . | |
| 일 안하고도 (감자 5) | |
| Pattern: -고도 more or less equivalent to -어도 , but with the nuance of even after doing, even after having done; and yet, but, while, though. | |
| Here: (She got more money) even without working | |
| 좋은 일이라는 듯이 (감자 6) | |
| Pattern: NOUN 이라난 듯이 like, as if to say. The 이 of 듯이 is optional. The source construction here would be 좋은 일이라[고 하]는 듯이. | |
| Here: As if to say it were something good | |
| 오늘은 많이 못 벌었쉐다 . (감자 6) | |
| Pattern: dialect morphology. The ending in -쉐다 is more or less equivalent to standard -습니다 , and is cognate with the obsolete 소이다(=-습니다). | |
| Here: Today (I) didn’t make much (money). | |
| 많이 벌었쉐다가레 . 한 댓 냥 꿰주소고래 . (감자 6) | |
| Pattern: dialect morphology. The endings here in -가레 and -고래 are equivalent to standard -그려/-구려, used to make a (standard) Familiar Style apperceptive (equivalent to -구나, -구먼요 , etc., in other styles). The shape 소 here after 주- give, is also a dialect shape as we | |
| would expect 주오 (Semi-Authoritative Style) in standard. | |
| Here: My, you’ve earned a lot! Why don’t you lend me 5 nyang? | |
| 나한테 들킨 댐에는 (감자 6) | |
| Pattern: dialect/sub-standard 댐에 for 다음에 after. | |
| Here: Once you’ve been caught by me . . . | |
| 뀌구야 말아요 . (감자 6) | |
| Pattern: -고야 마-ㄹ- to show final development of an action: ends up doing, | |
| finally does, gets around to doing, ultimately does. Here the particle 야 intensifies the meaning: does it all the way ( = really does it); simply has (got) to do it; ends in doing; finally does, ends/winds up by doing. | |
| Here: (Once you’ve been caught by me, you) have no choice but to lend it to me. | |
| 이 아즈마니 만나믄 (감자 6) | |
| Pattern: dialect/sub-standard for 이 아주머니 만나면 . | |
| Here: When (If) I run into this woman (lit.: married woman) . . . | |
| 자 꿰주디, 그 대신 응? (감자 6) | |
| Pattern: dialect for 꾸이어 주지 . The -디 here is from earlier Korean -디위 , which developed into -지 in most dialects besides Phyengan. | |
| Here: All right, I’ll lend you the money, but in return, eh . . .? | |
| 알아 있디? (감자 6) | |
| Pattern: dialect for 알았지 . The -디 here preserves Middle Korean -디, which developed into -지 in most dialects besides Phyengan, and the | |
| dialect pattern in -아 있- preserves earlier/Middle Korean -어/아 잇- or -어/아 이시-, the source of the modern past tense in -았-/-었-. Here: (Do you) get it? | |
| 안 줄 테야 (감자 6) | |
| Pattern: -(으)ㄹ테야 from prospective modifier - (으)ㄹ + postmodifier 터/테 expectation, anticipation; intention, plan + -이다 . The literal sense of this pattern is: it is the [reasonable] expectation that someone/something will do or be. | |
| Here: (Otherwise, it is the expectation or my intention that) I won’t give it to you. | |
| 글쎄 알았대두 그른다 . (감자 6) | |
| Pattern: dialect/sub-standard for 알았다[고 해]도 그런다. | |
| Here: I just said ‘OK’ and you still go on like this. | |
| 감자(고구마)며 배추를 도둑질하러 (감자 7) | |
| Pattern: NOUN -(이)며 NOUN and. Here -(이)며 functions like a pseudo-particle with the meaning and, or, and/or. | |
| Here: (would go) to steal potatoes and cabbages . . . | |
| 복녀도 감자깨나 잘 도둑질하여 왔다. (감자 7) | |
| Pattern: -깨나 or -개나 just because of (a trifle); or the (paltry) likes. | |
| Here: 복녀 was also good at stealing (trifling things like) potatoes. | |
| 가재문 가디, 원, 것두 못 갈까. (감자 7) | |
| Pattern: dialect for 가자[고 하]면 가지, 원 , (그)것도 . . . The -디 here is from | |
| earlier Korean -디위, which developed into -지 in most dialects besides Phyengan. | |
| Here: If you say, “Let’s go” sure, I’ll go - what’s so hard about that? | |
| 형님이댔쉐까 . . . 형님도 들어갔댔쉐까? (감자 7) | |
| Pattern: dialect morphology. The ending in -댔숴까 looks like it might be for a retrospective form akin to -더소이다/-더소이까 . Note that 형님 here means [older] sister. | |
| Here: Is that you (‘sister’)? Have you been making housecalls, too? | |
| 님자도 들어갔댔나? (감자 7) | |
| Pattern: The ending in -댔나 looks like a contraction from -다[고 ㅎ]앴나? lit.: did you say that . . .? | |
| Here: Did you say that you’ve been to (his place), too? | |
| 형님은 뉘 집에? (감자 8) | |
| Pattern: dialect morphology. 뉘 is from the old form 누 who + possessive 의, contracted to 뉘. | |
| Here: Whose place (have you been to)? | |
| 눅(陸)서방네 집에 (감자 8) | |
| Pattern: dialect phonology. Phyengan dialects dropped the “y” of Middle Korean 냐 nya, 뉴 nyu, 녀 nye; 뎌 tye, 됴 tyo, 듀 tyu, etc. Here, earlier Sino-Korean 륙 lyuk (陸) changed to 뉵 nyuk, then lost the “y”, giving the expected Phyengan outcome 눅 . | |
| Here: Me? To Mr. Lu’s place. (How about) you? | |
| 배추 세 패기 (감자 8) | |
| Pattern: dialect phonology. 패기 here corresponds to standard 포기 , a counter for plants and vegetables. The development was: 포기 → 푀기 → 푸ㅔ기 → 포ㅐ기 → 패기 , i.e. umlaut followed by loss of “w” after a labial. | |
| Here: Three heads of cabbage | |
| 기뻐하곤 하였다. (감자 8) | |
| Pattern: -곤 하다 abbreviated from -고는 하다 makes a habit/regular practice (a regular thing) of doing it; does it from time to time. | |
| Here: (He) would react happily | |
| 복네 강짜하갔구만 . (감자 8) | |
| Pattern: dialect morphology. Phyengan dialects have -갔- for standard future-presumptive -겠-. | |
| Here: I’ll bet Pongnyo must be jealous. | |
| 힘있게 부인하곤 하였다. (감자 8) | |
| Pattern: habitual -곤 하다 abbreviated from -고는 하다 makes a habit/regular practice (a regular thing) of doing it; does it from time to time. | |
| Here: she would (used to) deny (this) forcefully. | |
| 밤이 깊도록 (감자 9) | |
| Pattern: projective -도록 to the point where, until (a result); so that. | |
| Here: Until deep/late in the night | |
| 분이 하얗게 발리어 있었다. (감자 9) | |
| Pattern: resultant state in -어 있다 , here on a morphological passive ( 발리- ← 바르- apply, smear). | |
| Here: (She had) loose powder smeared white all over her face (lit.: powder was in a state of having been applied whitely to her face). | |
| 자 , 가자우 , 가자우 . (감자 10) | |
| Pattern: dialect/sub-standard morphology. The form in -자우 is probably -자[고 하]우 ← -자[고 하]오 what I’m suggesting is . . ., i.e. an insistent request . come on, let’s go. | |
| Here: Come on, let’s go. | |
| 낫이 한 자루 들리어 있었다. (감자 10) | |
| Pattern: resultant state in -어 있다 , here on a morphological passive (들리- ← 드-ㄹ- hold). | |
| Here: (In her hand) was a scythe (lit.: a scythe was in the state resulting from bring held). | |
| 아이구 사람 죽이누나 (감자 10) | |
| Pattern: -누나 from -는구나 well I see . . .! well so it is . . .! so it seems! well I’ll be (damned), hey look! etc. | |
| Here: Oh my God, he’s trying to kill me! | |
| 사흘이 지나도록 (감자 10) | |
| Pattern: projective -도록 to the point where, until (a result); so that. | |
| Here: Even after four days had passed . . . | |
| 남편의 집으로 옮겨졌다. (감자 10) | |
| Pattern: ‘get’ - passive in -어 지다 gets to be, becomes (with no implications as to who the agent is). | |
| Here: (Her corpse) was transferred/moved to her husband’s house. |
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