import kotlin.coroutines.*
import kotlin.coroutines.intrinsics.*
import kotlin.math.*

/**
 * Defines deep recursive function that keeps its stack on the heap,
 * which allows very deep recursive computations that do not use the actual call stack.
 * To initiate a call to this deep recursive function use its [invoke] function.
 * As a rule of thumb, it should be used if recursion goes deeper than a thousand calls.
 *
 * The [DeepRecursiveFunction] takes one parameter of type [T] and returns a result of type [R].
 * The [block] of code defines the body of a recursive function. In this block
 * [callRecursive][DeepRecursiveScope.callRecursive] function can be used to make a recursive call
 * to the declared function. Other instances of [DeepRecursiveFunction] can be called
 * in this scope with `callRecursive` extension, too.
 *
 * For example, take a look at the following recursive tree class and a deeply
 * recursive instance of this tree with a million nodes:
 *
 * ```
 * class Tree(val left: Tree? = null, val right: Tree? = null)
 * val deepTree = generateSequence(Tree()) { Tree(it) }.take(1_000_000).last()
 * ```
 *
 * A regular recursive function can be defined to compute a depth of a tree:
 *
 * ```
 * fun depth(t: Tree?): Int =
 *     if (t == null) 0 else max(depth(t.left), depth(t.right)) + 1
 * println(depth(deepTree)) // StackOverflowError
 * ```
 *
 * If this `depth` function is called for a `deepTree` it produces [StackOverflowError] because of deep recursion.
 * However, the `depth` function can be rewritten using `DeepRecursiveFunction` in the following way, and then
 * it successfully computes [`depth(deepTree)`][DeepRecursiveFunction.invoke] expression:
 *
 * ```
 * val depth = DeepRecursiveFunction<Tree?, Int> { t ->
 *     if (t == null) 0 else max(callRecursive(t.left), callRecursive(t.right)) + 1
 * }
 * println(depth(deepTree)) // Ok
 * ```
 *
 * Deep recursive functions can also mutually call each other using a heap for the stack via
 * [callRecursive][DeepRecursiveScope.callRecursive] extension. For example, the
 * following pair of mutually recursive functions computes the number of tree nodes at even depth in the tree.
 *
 * ```
 * val mutualRecursion = object {
 *     val even: DeepRecursiveFunction<Tree?, Int> = DeepRecursiveFunction { t ->
 *         if (t == null) 0 else odd.callRecursive(t.left) + odd.callRecursive(t.right) + 1
 *     }
 *     val odd: DeepRecursiveFunction<Tree?, Int> = DeepRecursiveFunction { t ->
 *         if (t == null) 0 else even.callRecursive(t.left) + even.callRecursive(t.right)
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * @param [T] the function parameter type.
 * @param [R] the function result type.
 * @param block the function body.
 */
public class DeepRecursiveFunction<T, R>(
    internal val block: suspend DeepRecursiveScope<T, R>.(T) -> R
)

/**
 * Initiates a call to this deep recursive function, forming a root of the call tree.
 *
 * This operator should not be used from inside of [DeepRecursiveScope] as it uses the call stack slot for
 * initial recursive invocation. From inside of [DeepRecursiveScope] use
 * [callRecursive][DeepRecursiveScope.callRecursive].
 */
public operator fun <T, R> DeepRecursiveFunction<T, R>.invoke(value: T): R =
    DeepRecursiveScopeImpl<T, R>(block, value).runCallLoop()

/**
 * A scope class for [DeepRecursiveFunction] function declaration that defines [callRecursive] methods to
 * recursively call this function or another [DeepRecursiveFunction] putting the call activation frame on the heap.
 *
 * @param [T] function parameter type.
 * @param [R] function result type.
 */
@RestrictsSuspension
public sealed class DeepRecursiveScope<T, R> {
    /**
     * Makes recursive call to this [DeepRecursiveFunction] function putting the call activation frame on the heap,
     * as opposed to the actual call stack that is used by a regular recursive call.
     */
    public abstract suspend fun callRecursive(value: T): R

    /**
     * Makes call to the specified [DeepRecursiveFunction] function putting the call activation frame on the heap,
     * as opposed to the actual call stack that is used by a regular call.
     */
    public abstract suspend fun <U, S> DeepRecursiveFunction<U, S>.callRecursive(value: U): S

    @Deprecated(
        level = DeprecationLevel.ERROR,
        message =
            "'invoke' should not be called from DeepRecursiveScope. " +
            "Use 'callRecursive' to do recursion in the heap instead of the call stack.",
        replaceWith = ReplaceWith("this.callRecursive(value)")
    )
    public operator fun DeepRecursiveFunction<*, *>.invoke(value: Any?): Nothing =
        throw UnsupportedOperationException("Should not be called from DeepRecursiveScope")
}

// ================== Implementation ==================

private typealias DeepRecursiveFunctionBlock = Function3<Any?, Any?, Continuation<Any?>?, Any?>

private val UNDEFINED_RESULT = Result.success(COROUTINE_SUSPENDED)

@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
private class DeepRecursiveScopeImpl<T, R>(
    block: suspend DeepRecursiveScope<T, R>.(T) -> R,
    value: T
) : DeepRecursiveScope<T, R>(), Continuation<R> {
    // Active function block
    private var function: DeepRecursiveFunctionBlock = block as DeepRecursiveFunctionBlock

    // Value to call function with
    private var value: Any? = value

    // Continuation of the current call
    private var cont: Continuation<Any?>? = this as Continuation<Any?>

    // Completion result (completion of the whole call stack)
    private var result: Result<Any?> = UNDEFINED_RESULT

    override val context: CoroutineContext
        get() = EmptyCoroutineContext

    override fun resumeWith(result: Result<R>) {
        this.cont = null
        this.result = result
    }

    override suspend fun callRecursive(value: T): R = suspendCoroutineUninterceptedOrReturn { cont ->
        // calling the same function that is currently active
        this.cont = cont as Continuation<Any?>
        this.value = value
        COROUTINE_SUSPENDED
    }

    override suspend fun <U, S> DeepRecursiveFunction<U, S>.callRecursive(value: U): S = suspendCoroutineUninterceptedOrReturn { cont ->
        // calling another recursive function
        val function = block as DeepRecursiveFunctionBlock
        with(this@DeepRecursiveScopeImpl) {
            val currentFunction = this.function
            if (function !== currentFunction) {
                // calling a different function -- create a trampoline to restore function ref
                this.function = function
                this.cont = crossFunctionCompletion(currentFunction, cont as Continuation<Any?>)
            } else {
                // calling the same function -- direct
                this.cont = cont as Continuation<Any?>
            }
            this.value = value
        }
        COROUTINE_SUSPENDED
    }

    private fun crossFunctionCompletion(
        currentFunction: DeepRecursiveFunctionBlock,
        cont: Continuation<Any?>
    ): Continuation<Any?> = Continuation(EmptyCoroutineContext) {
        this.function = currentFunction
        // When going back from a trampoline we cannot just call cont.resume (stack usage!)
        // We delegate the cont.resumeWith(it) call to runCallLoop
        this.cont = cont
        this.result = it
    }

    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
    fun runCallLoop(): R {
        while (true) {
            // Note: cont is set to null in DeepRecursiveScopeImpl.resumeWith when the whole computation completes
            val result = this.result
            val cont = this.cont
                ?: return (result as Result<R>).getOrThrow() // done -- final result
            // The order of comparison is important here for that case of rogue class with broken equals
            if (UNDEFINED_RESULT == result) {
                // call "function" with "value" using "cont" as completion
                val r = try {
                    // This is block.startCoroutine(this, value, cont)
                    function(this, value, cont)
                } catch (e: Throwable) {
                    cont.resumeWithException(e)
                    continue
                }
                // If the function returns without suspension -- calls its continuation immediately
                if (r !== COROUTINE_SUSPENDED)
                    cont.resume(r as R)
            } else {
                // we returned from a crossFunctionCompletion trampoline -- call resume here
                this.result = UNDEFINED_RESULT // reset result back
                cont.resumeWith(result)
            }
        }
    }
}

// ============== Test code ==============

class Tree(val left: Tree? = null, val right: Tree? = null)

fun main() {
    val n = 1_000_000
    val deepTree = generateSequence(Tree()) { Tree(it) }.take(n).last()

    fun binaryTree(k: Int): Tree? =
        if (k == 0) null else Tree(binaryTree(k - 1), binaryTree(k - 1))
    val k = 20
    val binaryTree = binaryTree(k)

    // Regular code: Stack overflow error
    //    fun depth(t: Tree?): Int =
    //        if (t == null) 0 else max(depth(t.left), depth(t.right)) + 1

    val depth = DeepRecursiveFunction<Tree?, Int> { t ->
        if (t == null) 0 else max(
            callRecursive(t.left),
            callRecursive(t.right)
        ) + 1
    }

    // A pair of mutually-recursive functions
    val mutualRecursion = object {
        val even: DeepRecursiveFunction<Tree?, Int> = DeepRecursiveFunction { t ->
            if (t == null) 0 else odd.callRecursive(t.left) + odd.callRecursive(t.right) + 1
        }

        val odd: DeepRecursiveFunction<Tree?, Int> = DeepRecursiveFunction { t ->
            if (t == null) 0 else even.callRecursive(t.left) + even.callRecursive(t.right)
        }
    }

    println("=== deepTree($n)")

    val dn = depth(deepTree)
    println("depth = $dn")
    println("even = ${mutualRecursion.even(deepTree)}")
    println(" odd = ${mutualRecursion.odd(deepTree)}")
    check(dn == n)

    println("=== binaryTree($k)")

    val dk = depth(binaryTree)
    println("depth = $dk")
    println("even = ${mutualRecursion.even(binaryTree)}")
    println(" odd = ${mutualRecursion.odd(binaryTree)}")
    check(dk == k)

    println("================")
    // Mix of call & callRecursive
    val mix = object {
        val b: DeepRecursiveFunction<Int, String> = DeepRecursiveFunction { i -> "b$i" }
        val a: DeepRecursiveFunction<Int, String> = DeepRecursiveFunction { i ->
                when (i) {
                    0 -> b.callRecursive(1) + callRecursive(2) + a().callRecursive(3)
                    else -> "a$i"
                }
            }
        fun a() = a
    }
    val s = mix.a.invoke(0)
    println("s = $s")
    check(s == "b1a2a3")

    // Mutually recursive tail calls & broken equals
    val tailRecs = object {
        var nullCount = 0
        val a: DeepRecursiveFunction<Tree?, BadEquals> = DeepRecursiveFunction { t ->
            if (t == null) BadEquals(nullCount++) else b.callRecursive(t.left)
        }
        val b: DeepRecursiveFunction<Tree?, BadEquals> = DeepRecursiveFunction { t ->
            if (t == null) BadEquals(nullCount++) else a.callRecursive(t.left)
        }
    }
    println("tailRecs = ${tailRecs.a.invoke(deepTree)}")
    check(tailRecs.nullCount == 1)
}

// It is equals to any other class
private class BadEquals(val index: Int) {
    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean = true
    override fun toString(): String = "OK"
}